# GNOME Mahaigaineko Erabilerraztasunaren Gida

The GNOME Accessibility Guide is for users, system administrators, and anyone else who is interested in how the GNOME Desktop supports people with disabilities. This guide also addresses the requirements of Section 508 of the U.S. Rehabilitation Act.

2006
Don Scorgie
2006
Brent Smith
2005
2004
2003
2002
Sun Microsystems, Inc.
2008.
Hizkuntza Politikarako Sailburuordetza (hizkpol@ej-gv.es)
GNOMEren dokumentazio-proiektua

Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL), Version 1.1 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover Texts. You can find a copy of the GFDL here or in the file COPYING-DOCS distributed with this manual.

This manual is part of a collection of GNOME manuals distributed under the GFDL. If you want to distribute this manual separately from the collection, you can do so by adding a copy of the license to the manual, as described in Section 6 of the license.

Enpresek euren produktu eta zerbitzuak bereizteko erabiltzen dituzten izen asko marka erregistratu moduan hartu behar dira. Izen horiek GNOMEren edozein agiritan agertzen direnean, eta GNOMEren Dokumentazio Proiektuko kideak marka komertzialak direla konturatu badira, orduan izen horiek maiuskulaz idatzita egongo dira, osorik edo hasierako letra maiuskulaz jarrita.

DOKUMENTUA ETA DOKUMENTUAREN BERTSIO ALDATUAK GNU DOKUMENTAZIO LIBREAREN LIZENTZIAREN BALDINTZEN ARABERA EMATEN DIRA, ETA ONDOREN ZEHAZTEN DIRENAK ONARTZERA BEHARTZEN DUTE:

1. DOKUMENTUA "DAGOEN-DAGOENEAN" EMATEN DA, INOLAKO BERMERIK GABE, EZ ESPRESUKI ADIERAZITAKORIK ETA EZ INPLIZITURIK ERE; BESTEAK BESTE (MUGARIK GABE), EZ DA BERMATZEN DOKUMENTUA EDO BERTSIO ALDATUA AKATSIK GABEA DENIK, MERKATURATZEKO EDO XEDE JAKIN BATERAKO EGOKIA DENIK EDO ARAURIK HAUSTEN EZ DUENIK. DOKUMENTUAREN EDO DOKUMENTUAREN BERTSIO ALDATUAREN KALITATEARI, ZEHAZTASUNARI ETA PERFORMANTZIARI BURUZKO ERANTZUKIZUN OSOA ZUREA DA. DOKUMENTUREN BATEK EDO BERTSIO ALDATUREN BATEK EDOZEIN MOTATAKO AKATSIK IZANEZ GERO, ZUK (EZ HASIERAKO IDAZLEAK, EZ EGILEAK ETA EZ INONGO KOLABORATZAILEK) ZEURE GAIN HARTU BEHARKO DUZU BERRIKUSTEKO, KONPONTZEKO EDO ZUZENTZEKO BEHARREZKO ZERBITZU GUZTIEN KOSTUA. BERME-UKATZE HAU LIZENTZIA HONEN FUNTSEZKO ZATIA DA. EZ DA BAIMENIK EMATEN EZEIN DOKUMENTU EDO BERTSIO ALDATU ERABILTZEKO, BALDIN ETA EZ BADA BERME-UKATZE HAU ONARTZEN.

2. EZINGO DA INONGO ZIRKUNSTANTZIA EDO LEGE-TEORIARIK OINARRI HARTU –-EZ ERANTZUKIZUN ZIBILARI BURUZKORIK (ZABARKERIA BARNE HARTUTA) EZ KONTRATUARI BURUZKORIK, EZ BESTERIK-– DOKUMENTU HONEN EDO BERTSIO ALDATU BATEN EGILEA, HASIERAKO IDAZLEA, EDOZEIN KOLABORATZAILE EDO BANATZAILE, EDO ALDERDI HORIEN EDOZEIN HORNITZAILE BESTE PERTSONA BATEN AURREAN ERANTZULE EGITEKO, PERTSONA HORREK EDOZEIN MOTATAKO KALTE ZUZENEKO, ZEHARKAKO, BEREZI, INTZIDENTAL EDO ONDORIOZKOAK JASAN DITUELAKO, BESTEAK BESTE (MUGARIK GABE), BEZEROAK GALTZEAREN, LANA ETEN BEHARRAREN, ORDENAGAILUAK EZ IBILTZEAREN EDO GAIZKI IBILTZEAREN ONDORIOZKO KALTEAK, EDO DOKUMENTUA NAHIZ HAREN BERTSIO ALDATUAK ERABILTZETIK ONDORIOZTATZEN DIREN EDO ERABILERA HORREKIN ZERIKUSIA DUEN EDOZEIN KALTE EDO GALERA, ALDERDIARI KALTE HORIEK GERTA ZITEZKEELA ADITZERA EMAN BAZAIO ERE.

Vincent
Alexander
GNOMEren dokumentazio-proiektua
Don
Scorgie
GNOMEren dokumentazio-proiektua
Brent
Smith
GNOMEren dokumentazio-proiektua
Sun
Java Mahaigaineko Sistemaren Dokumentazio-taldea
Sun Microsystems, Inc.
GNOME 2.24 Desktop Accessibility Guide V2.24.0
September 2008

GNOMEren dokumentazio-proiektua

GNOMEren dokumentazio-proiektua

GNOME 2.24 Desktop Accessibility Guide V2.24.0
September 2008

GNOMEren dokumentazio-proiektua

GNOMEren dokumentazio-proiektua

GNOME 2.10ren Mahaigaineko Erabilerraztasunaren Gida (2.10.1 bertsioa)
2005eko uztaila

Sun Java Mahaigaineko Sistemaren Dokumentazio-taldea

GNOMEren dokumentazio-proiektua

GNOME 2.10ren Mahaigaineko Erabilerraztasunaren Gida (2.10.0 bertsioa)
2005eko martxoa

Sun Java Mahaigaineko Sistemaren Dokumentazio-taldea

GNOMEren dokumentazio-proiektua

GNOME 2.8ren Mahaigaineko Erabilerraztasunaren Gida (2.8.0 bertsioa)
2004ko iraila

Sun Java Mahaigaineko Sistemaren Dokumentazio-taldea

GNOMEren dokumentazio-proiektua

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2004ko martxoa

Sun Microsystems

GNOMEren dokumentazio-proiektua

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2003ko urria

Sun Microsystems

GNOMEren dokumentazio-proiektua

GNOME 2.2ren Mahaigaineko Erabilerraztasunaren Gida (2.2.0 bertsioa)
2003ko otsaila

Sun Microsystems

GNOMEren dokumentazio-proiektua

GNOME 2.0 mahaigaina Solaris ingurune eragilearen erabilerraztasunaren gidarentzat (2.1 bertsioa)
2003ko urtarrila

Sun Microsystems

GNOMEren dokumentazio-proiektua

GNOME 2.0 mahaigaina Solaris ingurune eragilearen erabilerraztasunaren gidarentzat (2.0 bertsioa)
2002ko abendua

Sun Microsystems

GNOMEren dokumentazio-proiektua

This manual describes version 2.24 of the GNOME Desktop.

## Ohar-bidaltzea

GNOME mahaigainari edo eskuliburu honi buruzko akatsen berri emateko edo oharrak bidaltzeko, GNOMEra oharrak bidaltzeko orrian aurkituko dituzu argibideak.

## Erabilerraztasunaren sarrera

Atal honetan GNOMEren mahaigaineko erabilerraztasuna azaltzen da.

Software-produktu guztiek erabilerraztasunaren eginbidea eduki beharko lukete, ezgaitasunak dituen jendeak softwarea erraz eta eraginkortasunez erabili ahal dezan. Legeria berriek, esaterako AEBetako Birgaitze Legearen (Rehabilitation Act) 508 atalak, software erabilerraza eskaintzeko beharraz jabetu behar dela azpimarratzen du.

The GNOME Desktop is easy to use and incorporates many accessibility features. Every supported application and utility in the GNOME Desktop is designed with accessibility and usability in mind. Users with physical disabilities such as low vision or impaired motor skills can use all of the functionality of the GNOME Desktop thanks to the customization tools that are available. These customization tools enable you to fine-tune the appearance and behavior of the desktop.

The ability to easily customize the GNOME Desktop contributes greatly to the accessibility of the desktop. This guide describes the various options available to meet your particular needs.

### Quick Reference

To jump to a specific topic, follow these quick reference links:

To hear screen elements spoken to you, see the Orca section.

If you need large print, read about Choosing Themes and Customizing Fonts.

To have some or all of the screen magnified, see the Magnifier section.

If you prefer a pointing device over the keyboard, you can configure an on-screen keyboard for point-and-click typing; see the GNOME Onscreen Keyboard (gok) section.

If you can only press one key at a time, see the Sticky Keys portion of the Configuring an Accessible Keyboard section.

If you tend to press keys for too long a time (normally causing inadvertant extra keys), see the Slow Keys portion of the Configuring an Accessible Keyboard section.

If you tend to press keys multiple times (normally causing inadvertant extra keys), see the Bounce Keys portion of the Configuring an Accessible Keyboard section.

For further mouse- or pointer-based accessibility support, see the MouseTweaks and Configuring an Accessible Keyboard sections. These tools supply several accessibility aids for pointer devices and keyboards.

## Erabilerraztasunaren argibide orokorrak

Teknologia kopuru bat ezgaitasun mota desberdinak dituzten pertsonei laguntzeko izan daitezke. Hauek atal honetan azaltzen dira. Bereziki:

- Essential Keyboard Commands - covers some basic keyboard commands.

- Keyboard Desktop Navigation - allows users to navigate the desktop without using a mouse or pointer device.

- Accessible Login - users can configure the login screen to be more accessible.

### Essential Keyboard Commands

Before moving forward, be sure you are familiar with these essential GNOME commands:

Alt F1 [Debian] - display and activate the GNOME Desktop menu bar. This grants access to the Applications, Places and System menu bar items.

For Solaris and Windows systems, this key is Ctrl Esc.

Alt F2 or Meta R - summons the Run dialog, where you can issue terminal commands with or without parameters. If a file needs to be passed as one of these parameters, use the Run With File button to easily locate the file needed. This dialog also presents an alternate list of known applications which may be easier to navigate than the Debian system desktop menu (Alt F1) approach.

For Solaris systems, this key is Meta R (as with Microsoft Windows). A meta- or super-key is an OS-logo shift key.

Tab and Shift Tab - move focus within an application between controls; use Tab to cycle forward through controls and Shift Tab to cycle backwards. Controls are any user-interactive element that you can manipulate, such as buttons, drop-down lists, text fields, etc. Ctrl Tab and Shift Ctrl Tab are used instead where Tab and Shift Tab are reserved for use by the focused control.

Alt Tab and Shift Alt Tab - switches between currently running applications. If you have multiple programs running, use Alt Tab to cycle forward through the applications and Shift Alt Tab to cycle backwards. Alt Esc and Shift Alt Esc also cycle between applications, but without an application preview window.

### Erabilerraztasuneko saio-hasiera

The GNOME Desktop includes an Accessible Login feature, enabling users to:

- Mahaigainean sar daiteke, erabiltzailea pantaila, sagua edo teklatua ohi bezala erabiltzeko gai ez bada ere.

- Launch assistive technologies at login time by associating a user action with an assistive technology application. The user can perform the user action from the standard keyboard, or from a keyboard, pointing device, or switch device that is attached to the USB or PS/2 mouse port. These user actions are called gestures.

- Change the visual appearance of the login dialog before the user logs in; for example, using a high-contrast theme for better visibility.

Accessible login features are presently 100% functioning for Solaris only.

#### Enabling Accessible Login

In order to use the accessibility support for GNOME, the accessibility infrastructure must be enabled. To enable GNOME accessibility features from the command line, type the following command and then log out:

`gconftool-2 --set "/desktop/gnome/interface/accessibility" --type boolean "True"`

To enable GNOME accessibility features from a GUI, run the System Preferences Assistive Technology command from the top level menu. Select the "Enable assistive technologies" checkbox and then press the "Close and Log Out" button.

The next time you log in, assistive technology support will be enabled for the desktop.

To configure GDM by using the GUI (the preferred method), perform the following steps:

1. Hasi saioa `root` erabiltzaile gisa.

2. Run gdmsetup from a terminal; you may be advised to reboot after exiting the application.

To configure GDM if you cannot access the GUI environment, you will need to navigate the file system and modify files:

1. Hasi saioa `root` erabiltzaile gisa.

2. Open the file `/etc/X11/gdm/custom.conf`

3. Bilatu ondoko lerroaren fitxategia:

   `#AddGtkModules=false`

   eta ordeztu honekin:

   `AddGtkModules=true`

   Horrekin, GtkModules gaituta daude.

4. Bilatu ondoko lerroaren fitxategia:

   `#GtkModulesList=gail:atk-bridge:dwellmouselistener:keymouselistener`

   eta ezabatu `#` lerroaren hasieratik, hau jar dezan:

   `GtkModulesList=gail:atk-bridge:dwellmouselistener:keymouselistener`

   The above lines must be displayed as single lines in the `custom.conf` file without line breaks. The formatting of this guide may display the lines as being longer than two lines.

   This step loads all of the GtkModules to enable assistive technologies such as On-Screen Keyboard and Screen Reader and Magnifier . You can edit the line above further to load only the GtkModules that you require to support the user base. For example:

   - If you need to use the Screen Reader and Magnifier, include `gail` and `atk-bridge`.

   - If you need to use a pointing device without buttons or switches, include `gail`, `atk-bridge` and `dwellmouselistener`.

   - Kommutadoreak dituzten gailu erakusleak, teklatu fisiko alternatiboak, edo kommutadore- eta botoi-gailuak erabiltzen badituzu, sartu `keymouselistener`.

   - On-Screen Keyboard can operate without `gail` and `atk-bridge`, but with a reduced feature set.

   Erabilerraztasun optimoa lortzeko, sartu `gail` eta `atk-bridge`.

5. Save the `/etc/X11/gdm/custom.conf` file.

   If you make any changes to the `/etc/X11/gdm/custom.conf` file after you enable GDM, you can execute the following command to restart GDM and activate the changes:

   `gdm-restart`

6. Editatu `/etc/group` fitxategia, eta gehitu ondokoa `audio` lerroan:

   `,gdm`

   Urrats honek hizketak GDM lan egin ahal izatea ziurtatuko du.

7. Berrabiarazi sistema.

Xserver is required for all distributions; for Linux and OpenSolaris, it should be Xorg. You can find them in both `/etc/X11` and `/usr/bin`. Generally for Linux there will be a symbol link in `/etc/X11/X` and it is always linked to the binary `Xorg` in `/usr/bin/Xorg`. For OpenSolaris, you can find this process with the command `ps -ef | grep X`.

To enable or disable Xorg extensions, you can edit the file `/etc/X11/xorg.conf` and add the following parameters to enable different extensions:

    Section "Extensions"
      Option "Composite"         "Enable"
      Option "other extensions"  "Enable/Disable"
    EndSection

#### Starting Assistive Technologies at Login

`keymouselistener` eta `dwellmouselistener` GtkModules kargatzen badituzu GDM konfigurazio-fitxategian, erabiltzaile-ekintzak eslei ditzakezu laguntza-teknologia espezifikoak abiarazteko saioa hastean. Halako erabiltzaile-ekintzei mugimenduak esaten zaie. Mugimenduen asoziazioak ondoko GDM konfigurazio-fitxategietan daude:

- `/etc/X11/gdm/modules/AccessKeyMouseEvents`

- `/etc/X11/gdm/modules/AccessDwellMouseEvents`

Fitxategi horiak aldatuz gero, sistema berrabiarazi beharko duzu, aldaketak aplika daitezen.

Ondoko ataletan, GDM konfigurazio-fitxategietan gehitu ditzakezun mugimenduen adibideak azaltzen dira.

The gestures must be contained in a single line in the `AccessKeyMouseEvents` file without line breaks. The formatting of this guide might display the examples in the following sections across multiple lines.

##### Starting the Screen Reader Using a Keyboard Shortcut

Edit the `AccessKeyMouseEvents` file to associate keyboard shortcuts with assistive technologies. For example, the following lines enable you to press and hold Ctrl S or Ctrl M for one second to either start speech or magnification:

`<Control>s 1 1000 10000 /usr/bin/orca -n -d main-window`

`<Control>m 1 1000 10000 /usr/bin/orca -n -d main-window -e magnifier`

##### Starting On-Screen Keyboard Using a Switch or Button Gesture

Editatu `AccessKeyMouseEvents` fitxategia, kommutadore-, tekla- edo botoi-mugimenduak laguntza-teknologiekin asoziatzeko. Pantailako teklatuaren erabiltzaile askoren lehenengo mailako sarrera-gailua kommutadorea edo botoia denez, modu ona da erabiltzaileei Pantailako teklatua saioa hastean abiarazteko aukera ematea.

Erabiltzaile baten joera baldin bada aplikazio bat nahi gabe abiaraztea, mugimenduak kommutadorea hainbat aldiz sakatzearekin edo gutxieneko iraupen batzuekin asozia ditzakezu. Esate baterako, ondoko lerroak Atzekoz aurrera eskaneatzeko moduan abiarazten du Pantailako teklatua, erabiltzaileak 2. kommutadore gisa definitutako kommutadorea sakatzen duenean hiru aldiz bi segundotan, gutxienez 100 milisegundoz sakatze bakoitzeko:

`<Switch2>3 100 2000 gok --login --accessmethod=inversescanning --scan-action=switch1 --select-action=switch2`

Baliteke kommutadore bakarra darabilten erabiltzaileek Pantailako teklatua eskaneatze automatiko moduan abiaraztea nahiago izatea. Ondoko lerroak eskaneatze automatiko moduan abiarazten du Pantailako teklatua, erabiltzaileak lau segundo baino gehiago sakatzen duenean atzipen-gailu alternatibo bateko kommutadorea:

`<Switch>1 4000 5000 gok --login --accessmethod=automaticscanning --scan-action=switch1 --select-action=switch1`

For information about the On-Screen Keyboard operating modes, see the online help for On-Screen Keyboard.

##### Starting On-Screen Keyboard Using a Motion-Only Gesture

Gailu erakusle baten (sagu baten) edo bestelako gailu erakusle baten (buru-erakusle nahiz kontrol-bola baten) mugimenduari bakarrik dagozkion mugimenduak defini ditzakezu. Mugimenduaren sintaxia ez da aldatzen sagua nahiz bestelako gailu erakuslea erabilita. Editatu `AccessKeyMouseEvents` fitxategia, mugimenduak laguntza-teknologiekin asoziatzeko.

If the `dwellmouselistener` GtkModule is loaded, alternative pointing devices are temporarily latched to the core pointer. This means that if the user moves the alternative pointing device, the on-screen pointer moves.

For example, the following line starts On-Screen Keyboard in dwell mode when the user moves the on-screen pointer from inside the login dialog through the top edge, back into the dialog through the top edge, out of the dialog through the left edge, back into the dialog through the left edge, and similarly through the bottom and right edges of the dialog in a cross pattern:

`TTLLBBRR O 10000 gok --login --access-method=dwellselection --input-device=MOUSE[3]`

Kontuan hartu mugimenduan zehaztutako `--input-device` parametroak bat etorri behar duela erabiltzailearen sarrera-gailu hedatuaren izenarekin, buru-erakusle baten nahiz kontrol-bola baten izenarekin alegia, hemen zehaztu bezala: `/etc/X11/XF86Config`.

#### Saio-haste errazerako eskakizun osagarriak

To enable the Accessible Login feature to use alternative pointing devices and switch devices such as sip-and-puff switches, wheelchair-mounted switches or trackballs, you might need to modify your X server system configuration to recognize these devices. You can use most devices that emulate mouse buttons with the Accessible Login feature and On-Screen Keyboard, including USB single switches and mouse-like pointing devices.

You should not configure an alternative input device to control the primary on-screen pointer. This might result in undesirable behavior or cause situations from which the user of the alternate input device cannot recover without using the primary keyboard or mouse. To prevent this problem, remove any occurrences of the attributes `SendCore` or `AlwaysCore` from any of the `InputDevice` lines in the X Server configuration file.

### Teklatuaren bidez mahaigainean nabigatzea

Atal honek teklatua bakarrik erabiliz GNOME mahaigainean nola nabiga daitekeen azaltzen du. Sagua edo beste gailu erakusle bat erabiltzeko zailtasunak dituzten erabiltzaileak teklatuaren bidez mugi daitezke mahaigainean.

#### Teklatuaren bidez batetik bestera joatea

Atal honetan, mahaigainean teklatua erabiliz batetik bestera joateko funtsezko laster-teklak zein diren azaltzen da.

Hemen azaltzen diren laster-tekla batzuk pertsonaliza ditzakezu. Testuak zein laster-tekla pertsonaliza ditzakezun adierazten du. Laster-teklak nola pertsonalizatu jakiteko, ikus .

##### Funtsezko laster-teklak

Ondorengo taulan mahaigainean batetik bestera joateko erabil ditzakezun funtsezko laster-teklak agertzen dira. Mahaigaineko elementu eta kontrol jakin batzuetarako erabiltzen diren laster-teklak kapitulu honetako beste atal batean azaltzen dira.

Teklak | Funtzioa
--- | ---
Tab | Mahaigaineko hurrengo elementuari edo kontrolari fokua ematen dio.
Maius Tab | Mugitzeko norabidea alderantzikatzen du, eta aurreko elementuari edo kontrolari ematen dio fokua. Oro har, Maius teklak mugimenduen norabidea alderantzikatzen du.
Ktrl Tab | Give focus to the next element or control if the Tab key has a specific purpose in a control. For example, if you press Tab in a text box, the system inserts a tab space. Aurreko elementuari edo kontrolari fokua emateko, sakatu Maius Ktrl Tab.
gezi-teklak | Elementu edo kontrol baten barruan nabigatzen dute.
zuriune-barra | Fokua duen elementua edo kontrola aktibatzen du. Adibidez, uneko kontrola botoi bat baldin bada, ekintza hori saguaren botoiarekin klik egitearen baliokidea da.
Ihes | Leihoa, menua edo tiradera bat ixten du.
F7 | Switch to caret navigation mode. In computing, caret navigation is a kind of keyboard navigation where a caret (also known as "text cursor", "text insertion cursor", or "text selection cursor") is used to navigate and select text within a document. For more information about caret navigation mode, see .

##### Laster-tekla orokorrak

Ondorengo taulan GNOME mahaigaineko edozein tokitatik erabil ditzakezun laster-teklak agertzen dira.

Teklak | Funtzioa
--- | ---
Alt F1 | Aplikazio nagusien menua irekitzen du. Laster-tekla hori pertsonaliza dezakezu. For Solaris systems, this key is Ctrl-Esc (as with Microsoft Windows).
Alt F2 | Open the Run Application dialog. Laster-tekla hori pertsonaliza dezakezu. For Solaris systems, this key is Meta-R (as with Microsoft Windows). A meta- or super-key is an OS-logo shift key.
Inpr pant | Pantaila-argazkiaren aplikazioa abiarazten du, eta pantaila osoaren pantaila-argazkia egiten du. Laster-tekla hori pertsonaliza dezakezu.
Alt Inpr pant | Pantaila-argazkiaren aplikazioa abiarazten du, eta unean fokua daukan leihoaren pantaila-argazkia egiten du. Laster-tekla hori pertsonaliza dezakezu.
F1 | Fokua duen elementua aplikazio-leihoa edo elkarrizketa bada, teklatuko laster-tekla honek aplikazioari buruzko Laguntza irekitzen du.
Ktrl F1 | Fokua duen elementua panela edo aplikazio-leihoa bada, teklatuko laster-tekla honek leihoko edo paneleko objektuei buruzko iradokizunak bistaratu eta ezkutatuko ditu aldiro.
Maius F10 | Open a popup menu for the element that has focus (if a popup menu exists for that element).

#### Mahaigainaren atzeko planoan batetik bestera joatea

Mahaigainaren atzeko planoa GNOME mahaigainaren zatia da, eta hor ez dago interfaze-elementurik edo aplikaziorik, adibidez, panelak eta leihoak. Ondorengo taulan mahaigainaren atzeko planoan zehar mugitzeko eta horko objektu batetik bestera joateko erabil ditzakezun laster-teklak agertzen dira. Mahaigainaren atzeko planoko objektu bat ikono bat da, eta ikono hori fitxategiak, karpetak edo aplikazioak irekitzeko erabil dezakezu.

Teklak | Funtzioa
--- | ---
Ktrl Alt D | Leiho guztiak ezkutatzen ditu aldi baterako, eta mahaigainaren atzeko planoari ematen dio fokua. Leihoak leheneratzeko, sakatu Ktrl Alt D berriro. Laster-tekla hori pertsonaliza dezakezu. For Solaris systems, this key is Meta-D (as with Microsoft Windows). A meta- or super-key is an OS-logo shift key.
Ktrl Alt Tab | Display a popup window with icons that represent the desktop background and the panels. Press and hold Ctrl Alt and continue to press Tab to switch the focus between the desktop background and the panels. Laster-tekla hori pertsonaliza dezakezu.
gezi-teklak | Give focus to a neighboring desktop background object (if the desktop has focus).
A sequence of characters that matches the first n characters of a desktop background object name. | If the desktop background has focus, give focus to the desktop background object whose name starts with the specified sequence of characters.
F2 | Tekla honen bidez, fokua duen atzeko planoko objektuari izena alda diezaiokezu.
Maius F10 | Fokua duen atzeko planoko objektuaren laster-menua irekitzen du.
Ktrl F10 | Mahaigainaren atzeko planoa menua irekitzen du.

#### Paneletan zehar ibiltzea

Panela mahaigaineko eremu bat da, eta hortik programa, aplikazio eta panel-aplikazioak exekuta ditzakezu. Panelik arruntena mahaigainaren goiko ertzaren zabalera osoa tiratzen duen panela da. Ondorengo taulan, paneletan eta paneletako objektuetan zehar batetik bestera joateko erabil ditzakezun teklatuko laster-teklak agertzen dira.

Teklak | Funtzioa
--- | ---
Ktrl Alt Tab | Give focus to a panel. This keyboard shortcut displays a popup window with icons that represent the desktop background, panels, and drawers. Press and hold Ctrl Alt and continue to press Tab to switch the focus between the desktop background, panels, and drawers. If you're especially dexterous, you can add Shift to go in reverse. Laster-tekla hori pertsonaliza dezakezu.
Tab | Paneleko hurrengo objektuari fokua ematen dio.
F10 | Open the Applications menu when the Menu Panel has focus. Continue to press F10 to switch focus between the Applications menu and the window list. This key behavior may alter slightly depending on context and specific user setup.
zuriune-barra | Activate a panel object; for example, open a menu or start a launcher (icon shortcut).
Maius F10 | Paneleko objektuaren laster-menua irekitzen du.
Ktrl F10 | Panelaren laster-menua irekitzen du.

##### Moving Panel Objects

Fokua duen objektua paneleko edo tiraderako beste kokaleku batera edo hurrengo panelera eraman dezakezu. Paneleko objektuak lekuz aldatzeko, jarraitu urrats hauek:

1. Sakatu Tab, objektuari fokua emateko.

2. Sakatu Maius F10, paneleko objektuaren laster-menua irekitzeko.

3. Use the arrow keys to select the Move menu item.

4. Use the keyboard shortcuts that are listed in the following table to perform the move operation:

   Teklak | Funtzioa
   --- | ---
   gezi-teklak | Move the object left/right on a horizontal panel, or up/down on a vertical panel.
   Maius + gezi-teklak | Move the object with focus, pushing any other objects encountered.
   Ktrl + gezi-teklak | Move the object, swapping positions with any other objects that you encounter in the move.
   Tab | Objektua hurrengo panelera eramaten du.
   zuriune-barra | Lekuz aldatzeko eragiketa osatzen du.

The following examples demonstrate the effect of different move operations on the objects in a panel:

Irudia | Azalpena
--- | ---
Portion of a panel with three objects displayed in the following order from left to right: Geyes icon, Volume Control icon, and Laguntza icon. | Show a panel with three panel objects before a move operation takes place.
Portion of a panel with three objects displayed in the following order from left to right: Geyes icon, Volume Control icon, and Laguntza icon. | Panel batean Geyes panel-aplikazioa lekuz aldatzeko gezi-teklak erabiltzeak duen eragina erakusten da. Gezi-teklak erabil ditzakezu, panel-aplikazioa ezkerrera nahiz eskuinera mugitzeko, hurrengo panel-objektua topatu arte.
Portion of a panel with three objects displayed in the following order from left to right: Geyes icon, Volume Control icon, and Laguntza icon. | Shows the effect of using Shift + arrow keys to move the Geyes panel application on the panel. You can use the Shift + arrow keys to push the Volume Control and Help panel objects ahead of the object that you are moving.
Portion of a panel with three objects displayed in the following order from left to right: Volume Control icon, Laguntza icon, and Geyes icon. | Shows the effect of using Ctrl + arrow keys to move the Geyes panel application on the panel. You can use the Ctrl + arrow keys to swap positions with the Volume Control and Help panel objects as you meet the objects.

Panel applications that are Locked cannot be moved. To unlock a panel application, use the panel object menu and deselect the Lock to Panel option.

##### Navigating Drawers

Tiradera panelaren luzapen tolesgarria da. Ondorengo taulan, tiraderetan sartu eta irteteko erabil ditzakezun laster-teklak agertzen dira. Tiradera bat irekitzean, bertako edukian zehar paneletan bezalaxe ibil zaitezke. Paneletan zehar batetik bestera nola joan jakiteko, ikus .

Teklak | Funtzioa
--- | ---
zuriune-barra | Fokua duen tiradera ireki edo ixten du.
gezi-teklak | Tekla horien bidez, fokua duen tiraderan zehar ibil zaitezke.
Ihes | Tiradera itxi, eta paneleko tiradera-objektuari ematen dio fokua.

##### Navigating Panel Menus

The following table lists the keyboard shortcuts that you can use to navigate menus on panels:

Teklak | Funtzioa
--- | ---
zuriune-barra | Fokua duen menua irekitzen du.
gezi-teklak | Menuan batetik bestera joateko erabil ditzakezu.
zuriune-barra | Menu-elementu bat hautatzen du.
Maius F10 | Open the popup menu associated with a menu item (if one exists).
Ihes | Menua ixten du.

##### Navigating Panel Applications

Panel-aplikazioa panelean dagoen aplikazio txiki bat da. Panel-aplikazio guztietan zehar ibil zaitezke, eta haien laster-menua teklatua erabiliz ireki dezakezu. Hala ere, panel-aplikazioak fokua eman diezaiekezun kontrolak ez baditu, ezingo zara panel-aplikazioko kontrol batetik bestera joan. Ondorengo taulan panel-aplikazioetan zehar ibiltzeko erabil ditzakezun laster-teklak agertzen dira.

Teklak | Funtzioa
--- | ---
zuriune-barra | Fokua duen panel-aplikazioaren kontrola aktibatzen du, ahal izanez gero. Panel-aplikazio guztiek ez dituzte aktiba ditzakezun kontrolak. Panel-aplikazioak ez badu aktiba dezakezu kontrolik, zuriune-barrak ez du ezer egiten.
gezi-teklak | Panel-aplikazioko kontrol batetik bestera joan zaitezke.
Maius F10 | Panel-aplikazioaren laster-menua irekitzen du. Menuetan zehar ibiltzeko, erabili laster-tekla estandarrak. Menuetan zehar batetik bestera nola joan jakiteko, ikus .

#### Navigating Workspaces

A workspace is a discrete area in which you can work. You can have many workspaces on your desktop and you can switch from one workspace to another. Each workspace can contain different windows and processes. The following table lists the keyboard shortcuts that you can use to navigate workspaces:

Teklak | Funtzioa
--- | ---
Ktrl Alt + gezi-teklak | Laneko hurrengo edo aurreko eremuari fokua ematen dio. Laster-tekla horrek laneko areak irudikatzen dituzten ikonoak dituen laster-leihoa bistaratzen du. Ktrl Alt teklak sakatuta dituzula, sakatu gezi-teklak, fokua laneko area batetik bestera aldatzeko. Laster-tekla hori pertsonaliza dezakezu.
Ktrl Maius Alt + gezi-teklak | Fokua duen leihoa laneko hurrengo edo aurreko areara eramaten du. Laster-tekla hori pertsonaliza dezakezu.

#### Leihoetan zehar ibiltzea

Ondorengo ataletan, leihoetan zehar ibiltzeko erabil ditzakezun laster-teklak agertzen dira. Leihoa pantailako marko laukizuzena da, eta aplikazio bat bistaratzen du.

Leihoetan zehar ibiltzeko laster-tekla guztiak pertsonaliza ditzakezu. Informazio gehiago nahi izanez gero, ikus .

##### Giving Focus to Windows

Before you can use or modify a window, you must give focus to the window. The following table lists the keyboard shortcuts that you can use to give focus to a window:

Teklak | Funtzioa
--- | ---
Alt Tab | Display a popup window with icons that represent each window. Press and hold Alt and continue to press Tab to move through the windows until you reach the window you want to have focus.
Alt Ihes | Raise each window in turn until you reach the window you want.
Alt F6 | Cycle between windows belonging to the current application (eg, a multiple document interface application like Text Editor).

##### Controlling Windows

When a window has focus, you can perform various actions on the window. The following table lists the keyboard shortcuts that you can use to control the window that has focus:

Teklak | Funtzioa
--- | ---
Alt zuriune-barra | Open the Window menu.
Alt F4 | Leihoa ixten du.
Solaris-en: Ireki Linux-en:Alt F9 | Leihoa ikonotzen du.
Alt F10 | Leihoa maximizatzen du.
Alt F5 | Restore a maximized window to its original size.

##### Moving Windows

When a window has focus, you can move the window around the screen. The following table lists the keyboard shortcuts that you can use to move a window:

Teklak | Funtzioa
--- | ---
Alt F7 | Mugimendu-eragiketa abiarazten du. Saguaren erakuslea gurutze bihurtzen da.
gezi-teklak | Leihoa 10 pixel mugitzen du, aldi bakoitzean, gezi-teklaren norabidean.
Ktrl + gezi-teklak | Leihoa pixel bat mugitzen du, aldi bakoitzean, gezi-teklaren norabidean.
Maius + gezi-teklak | Move the window in the direction of the arrow key and align it with the edge of the nearest window, panel or screen edge.
zuriune-barra | Complete the move operation, leaving the window in the current position.
Ihes | Cancel the move operation, restoring the window to its original position.

##### Resizing Windows

When a window has focus, you can increase or decrease the size of the window. The following table lists the keyboard shortcuts that you can use to resize the window that has focus:

Teklak | Funtzioa
--- | ---
Alt F8 | Tamaina aldatzeko eragiketa abiarazten du.
gezi-teklak | Resize the window in the direction of the arrow key.
zuriune-barra | Complete the resize operation, leaving the window at the current size.
Ihes | Cancel the resize operation, restoring the window to its original size.

##### Navigating Paned Windows

A paned window is a window that is split into two or more panes. Help Browser is an example of an application that uses paned windows.

The following table describes the keyboard shortcuts that you can use to navigate paned/split windows:

Teklak | Funtzioa
--- | ---
F6 | Hurrengo panelari ematen dio fokua. Panelean azkeneko aldiz fokua zuen kontrolari ematen dio fokua sistemak.
F8 | Leihoaren tamaina aldatzeko lehenengo heldulekuari ematen dio fokua. Tamaina aldatzeko heldulekua panelen artean bistaratzen da, eta panel horiei tamaina aldatzeko aukera ematen dizu. Sakatu berriro F8, tamaina aldatzeko hurrengo heldulekuari fokua emateko.

When the resize handle has focus, you can use the keyboard shortcuts that are listed in the following table to modify the paned window:

Teklak | Funtzioa
--- | ---
gezi-teklak | Tamaina aldatzeko heldulekua pixka bat mugitzen du.
Ktrl + gezi-teklak | Tamaina aldatzeko heldulekua dezente mugitzen du.
Hasi | Contract the pane to the minimum size allowed. For vertical panes, reduces the size of the pane to the left of the resize handle to the minimum size allowed. For horizontal panes, reduces the size of the pane above the resize handle to the minimum size allowed.
Amai | Expand the pane to the maximum size allowed. For vertical panes, increases the size of the pane to the left of the resize handle to the maximum size allowed. For horizontal panes, increases the size of the pane above the resize handle to the maximum size allowed.
zuriune-barra | Set the position of the resize handle and return focus to the last control that had focus.
Ihes | Reset the position of the resize handle to the original position and return focus to the last control that had focus.

#### Aplikazioetan zehar ibiltzea

An application is any program, utility, or other software package that you run on your desktop. Applications contain standard user interface components:

Leihoak

  Leihoa pantailako marko laukizuzena da, eta aplikazio bat bistaratzen du. Leihoetan zehar batetik bestera nola joan jakiteko, ikus .

Elkarrizketa-koadroak

  A dialog is a popup window which displays information or accepts input from the user. See for information about how to navigate dialogs.

Kontrolak

  A control is any user-interactive screen element. Examples of controls include buttons, check boxes, menus, and text boxes. See for detailed information about how to navigate the different types of controls that are available.

This section of the manual describes the essential keyboard shortcuts that you can use in applications and dialogs.

##### Aplikazioetan zehar ibiltzeko funtsezko laster-teklak

Since there are so many applications that you can use in the GNOME Desktop, this manual does not describe all the custom keyboard shortcuts that you can use with each individual application. However, the basic keyboard shortcuts are common to many applications.

Access keys are another way to quickly navigate applications with the keyboard. An access key is identified by an underlined letter on a menu or control. In some cases, you must press Alt in combination with the access key to perform an action.

The following table lists the essential keyboard shortcuts that you can use to navigate applications:

Teklak | Funtzioa
--- | ---
F10 | Aplikazioaren menu-barrako lehen menua irekitzen du.
Alt + tekla bizkortzailea | Tekla bizkortzailearekin lotuta dagoen menua irekitzen du.
tekla bizkortzaileak | Tekla bizkortzailearekin lotuta dagoen menu-elementua hautatzen du.
ezkerrera gezi-tekla eta eskuinera gezi-tekla | Menu-barrako menuen artean txandakatzen du fokua.
gora gezi-tekla eta behera gezi-tekla | Fokua menu batera eramaten du.
Ihes | Close the open menu and give focus to the control that had focus before the menubar.
Ktrl O | Fitxategia hautatzeko elkarrizketa irekitzen du.
Ktrl S | Gorde elkarrizketa-koadroa irekitzen du.
Ktrl L | Open a Location dialog, enabling you to type the name of a file that you want to open or save.
Ktrl P | Open a Print dialog, if available.
Ktrl C | Copy highlighted text to the global, application-spanning clipboard.
Ktrl X | Cut highlighted text to the global, application-spanning clipboard.
Ktrl V | Paste text from the global, application-spanning clipboard to the current cursor position.

##### Elkarrizketa-koadroetan zehar ibiltzeko funtsezko laster-teklak

The following table lists the essential keyboard shortcuts that you can use to navigate dialogs:

Teklak | Funtzioa
--- | ---
Alt tekla bizkortzailea | Kontrol bat aktibatzen edo hautatzen du.
Tab | Hurrengo kontrolari ematen dio fokua.
Ktrl Orria gora | Move to the next page/tabbed section of the dialog.
Ktrl Orria behera | Move to the previous page/tabbed section of the dialog.
Ihes | Cancel/dismiss the dialog. Some application-specific dialogs may retain dialog settings, but this practice is discouraged. These dialogs usually have a single Close button, with no Ok/Accept buttons.
Itzuli | Perform the default action for the dialog. The default action will usually apply any changes and close the dialog. A default button will have a bold outline and a selected button will have a slightly bolder outline than the default button.

#### Fitxategi-kudeatzailean zehar ibiltzea

By default, the file manager operates in Spatial mode. This mode uses separate windows for each folder. Conversely, Browser mode will reuse the same window for each folder.

For more information about different modes for the file manager, see the user guide.

##### Navigating Folders

The following table describes the keyboard shortcuts that enable you to navigate folders in the file manager:

Teklak | Funtzioa
--- | ---
gezi-teklak | Hurrengo edo aurreko fitxategia edo karpeta gezi-teklaren norabidean hautatzen du.
Ktrl + gezi-teklak | Give focus to the next or previous file or folder but do not select the item. This allows multiple, non-contiguous blocks of files to be selected.
zuriune-barra | Fokua duen fitxategia edo karpeta irekitzen du.
Ktrl + zuriune-barra | Fokua duen fitxategia edo karpeta irekitzen du.
Karaktere-sekuentzia bat, fitxategi-izen baten lehen n karaktereekin bat datorrena. | Zehaztutako karaktere-sekuentziarekin hasten den lehen fitxategia edo karpeta hautatzen du.
Hasi | Uneko karpetako lehenengo fitxategia edo karpeta hautatzen du.
Amai | Uneko karpetako azken fitxategia edo karpeta hautatzen du.
atzera tekla | Uneko karpetaren karpeta gurasoa irekitzen du.
Shift-F10 | Open a file or folder popup menu.
Ctrl-F10 | Open the enclosing folder's popup menu (equivalent to right-clicking on the view pane background).

##### Navigating Browser Window Components

When operating in Browser mode, the file manager window contains several components, with keyboard shortcuts defined to navigate each component:

Teklak | Funtzioa
--- | ---
F6 | Fokua albo-panelaren eta ikusteko panelaren artean txandakatzen du.
Maius F10 | Albo-panelaren laster-menua irekitzen du.

#### Caret Navigation Mode

The following table describes how to use caret navigation mode (eg, in supporting applications like Yelp, Evolution, Epiphany, or Firefox). In computing, caret navigation is a kind of keyboard navigation where a caret (also known as "text cursor", "text insertion cursor", or "text selection cursor") is used to navigate and select text within a document.

Teklak | Funtzioa
--- | ---
F7 | Switch to caret navigation mode [Yelp-only].
ezker-gezia | Karaktere bat ezkerrera mugitzen da.
eskuin-gezia | Karaktere bat eskuinera mugitzen da.
gora gezia | Lerro bat gora igotzen da.
behera gezia | Lerro bat behera jaisten da.
Ktrl + ezker-gezia | Aurreko hitzaren hasierara joaten da.
Ktrl + eskuin-gezia | Aurreko hitzaren amaierara joaten da.
Orria gora | Eduki-orri bat gora korritzen du.
Orria behera | Eduki-orri bat behera korritzen du.
Hasi | Uneko lerroaren hasierara joaten da.
Amai | Uneko lerroaren amaierara joaten da.
Maius + gezi-teklak | Move from the current position to the destination position, selecting all text between the two positions.
Tab | Fokua izan dezakeen hurrengo kontrolera eramaten du fokua.
Maius Tab | Fokua izan dezakeen aurreko kontrolera eramaten du fokua.
Sartu | Activate a button, link or other control.

#### Elementu eta kontrol estandarretan batetik bestera joatea

Ondorengo ataletan, teklatua erabiliz erabiltzailearen interfaze-elementu eta -kontrol estandarretan batetik bestera nola joan eta haiek nola erabili azaltzen da.

##### Navigating Menus

The following table lists the keyboard shortcuts that you can use to navigate menus:

Teklak | Funtzioa
--- | ---
gora gezi-tekla eta behera gezi-tekla | Menuko hurrengo edo aurreko elementuari ematen dio fokua.
eskuin-gezia | Fokua duen menu-elementua azpimenua bada, azpimenu hori ireki eta horko lehen elementuari ematen dio fokua. Fokua duen menu-elementua ez bada azpimenua, menu-barrako hurrengo menua irekitzen du.
ezker-gezia | Fokua duen menu-elementua azpimenuko elementua bada, fokua atzera azpimenuari ematen dio. Fokua duen menu-elementua ez bada azpimenua, menu-barrako aurreko menua irekitzen du.
Itzuli | Fokua duen menu-elementua hautatu eta irekitako menuak ixten ditu.
tekla bizkortzailea | Select the menu item that is associated with the access key and close the menu.
zuriune-barra | Select the focused menu item and close the menu except when the menu item is a check box or radio button.
Ihes | Close the menu.

##### Navigating Buttons

Botoi bat ekintza bat abiarazteko erabiltzen duzun kontrola da. Botoi gehienak laukizuzenak dira, eta testu-etiketa dute.

###### Botoiaren adibidea

Ixteko botoia.

The following table lists the keyboard shortcuts that you can use to navigate buttons:

Teklak | Funtzioa
--- | ---
zuriune-barra | Fokua duen botoia aktibatzen du. Botoian klik egitearen baliokidea da.
Itzuli | Fokua duen botoia aktibatzen du, eta botoiek fokurik ez badute, elkarrizketa-koadroaren ekintza lehenetsia egiten du.

##### Navigating Radio Buttons

Aukera-botoia hainbat aukera esklusiboetako bat hautatzeko erabiltzen duzun kontrola da.

###### Aukera-botoiaren adibidea

Aukera-botoien bi adibide.

The following table lists the keyboard shortcuts that you can use to navigate a set of radio buttons:

Teklak | Funtzioa
--- | ---
gezi-teklak | Hurrengo edo aurreko aukera-botoia hautatzen du, eta taldeko beste aukera-botoiak desautatzen ditu.

##### Navigating Check Boxes

Kontrol-lauki bat aukera bat hautatzeko edo desautatzeko erabiltzen duzun kontrola da.

###### Kontrol-laukiaren adibidea

Kontrol-laukiaren adibidea.

The following table lists the keyboard shortcuts that you can use to navigate a check box:

Teklak | Funtzioa
--- | ---
zuriune-barra | Kontrol-laukia hautatu edo desautatzen du.

##### Navigating Text Boxes

Testu-koadroak kontrolak dira, eta hor testua idatzi behar izaten da.

###### Lerro bakarreko testu-koadroaren adibidea

Lerro bakarra duen testu-koadroaren adibidea.

The following table lists the keyboard shortcuts that you can use to navigate a single line text box:

Teklak | Funtzioa
--- | ---
ezker-gezia | Kurtsorea karaktere bat ezkerrerantz kokatzen du.
eskuin-gezia | Kurtsorea karaktere bat eskuinerantz kokatzen du.
Ktrl ezker-gezia | Position the cursor at the start of the current word. Press and hold Ctrl and continue to press left arrow to position the cursor at the start of the previous word.
Ktrl eskuin-gezia | Position the cursor at the end of the current word. Press and hold Ctrl and continue to press right arrow to position the cursor at the end of the next word.
Hasi | Kurtsorea lerroaren hasieran kokatzen du.
Amai | Kurtsorea lerroaren amaieran kokatzen du.
Maius ezker-gezia edo eskuin-gezia | Kurtsorea dagoen kokalekutik ezkerrera edo eskuinera karaktere bat hautatzen du.
Shift Ctrl left arrow or right arrow | Kurtsorea dagoen kokalekutik ezkerrera edo eskuinera hitz bat hautatzen du.
Maius Hasi | Kurtsorearen ezkerraldean dagoen testu osoa hautatzen du.
Maius Amai | Kurtsorearen eskuinaldean dagoen testu osoa hautatzen du.
Ktrl A | Testu-koadroko testu osoa hautatzen du.

In addition to the keyboard shortcuts listed in the previous table, use the keyboard shortcuts in the following table to navigate multi-line text boxes:

Teklak | Funtzioa
--- | ---
Orria gora | Kurtsorea uneko ikuspegiaren goialdean kokatzen du. Sakatu Orria gora, kurtsorea berriro aurreko ikuspegiaren goialdean kokatzeko.
Orria behera | Kurtsorea uneko ikuspegiaren amaieran kokatzen du. Sakatu Orria behera, kurtsorea berriro aurreko ikuspegiaren amaieran kokatzeko.
Ktrl gora gezia | Position the cursor at the start of the current paragraph. Press and hold Ctrl and continue to press the up arrow key to position the cursor at the start of the previous paragraph.
Ktrl behera gezia | Position the cursor at the end of the current paragraph. Press and hold Ctrl and continue to press the down arrow key to position the cursor at the end of the next paragraph.
Ktrl Orria gora | Kurtsorea ikuspegi baten zabalera ezkerrera kokatzen du.
Ktrl Orria behera | Kurtsorea ikuspegi baten zabalera eskuinera kokatzen du.
Ktrl Hasi | Kurtsorea testu-koadroaren hasieran kokatzen du.
Ktrl Amai | Kurtsorea testu-koadroaren amaieran kokatzen du.
Ktrl Tab | Elkarrizketa-koadroko hurrengo kontrolari ematen dio fokua.
Maius Orria gora | Select the text to the start of the current view. Press and hold Shift and continue to press Page Up to extend the selection to the start of the previous view.
Maius Orria behera | Select the text to the end of the current view. Press and hold Shift and continue to press Page Down to extend the selection to the end of the next view.
Maius Hasi | Testua lerro hasieraraino hautatzen du.
Maius Amai | Testua lerro amaieraraino hautatzen du.
Maius Ktrl gora gezia | Testua paragrafoaren hasieraraino hautatzen du, eta, ondoren, aurreko paragrafoaren hasieraraino.
Maius Ktrl behera gezia | Testua paragrafoaren amaieraraino hautatzen du, eta, ondoren, hurrengo paragrafoaren amaieraraino.
Maius Ktrl Hasi | Testua testu-koadroaren hasieraraino hautatzen du.
Maius Ktrl Amai | Testua testu-koadroaren amaieraraino hautatzen du.

##### Navigating Spin Boxes

Biratze-botoia zenbakizko balioa idazteko edo balio posible guztien zerrendatik balio bat hautatzeko aukera ematen dizun kontrola da.

###### Biratze-botoiaren adibidea

Biratze-botoiaren adibidea. Testu-koadro bat dauka, eta behera eta gora geziak.

The keyboard shortcuts that you use to navigate the text box area of a spin box are listed in . The following table lists the keyboard shortcuts that you can use to navigate the up and down arrows in the spin box:

Teklak | Funtzioa
--- | ---
gora gezi-tekla edo behera gezi-tekla | Biratze-botoiaren balioa pixka bat handitzen edo txikitzen dute.
Orria gora edo Orria behera | Biratze-botoiaren balioa dezente handitzen edo txikitzen dute.

##### Navigating Drop-Down Lists

Goitibeherako zerrenda elementu erabilgarrietako bat hautatzeko erabiltzen duzun kontrola da. Goitibeherako zerrendak botoi bat du, erabilgarri dauden elementuak bistaratzeko.

###### Goitibeherako zerrendaren adibidea

Goitibeherako zerrendaren adibidea.

The following table lists the keyboard shortcuts that you can use to navigate a drop-down list:

Teklak | Funtzioa
--- | ---

zuriune-barra

Tekla honek funtzio hauetako betetzen du:

- Goitibeherako zerrenda irekita ez badago, tekla horrek ireki egiten du.

- Goitibeherako zerrenda irekita badago, tekla horrek uneko hautapena onartu eta zerrenda ixten du.

gora gezia | Zerrendako aurreko elementua hautatzen du.
behera gezia | Zerrendako hurrengo elementua hautatzen du.
Ihes | Zerrenda ixten du, hautapena aldatu gabe.

##### Navigating Drop-Down Combination Boxes

Goitibeherako konbinazio-koadroa goitibeherako zerrenda duen testu-koadroa da.

###### Goitibeherako konbinazio-koadroaren adibidea

Goitibeherako konbinazio-koadroen adibidea. Testu-koadro bat dauka, eta gezi-botoi bat, goitibeherako zerrenda bistaratzeko klik egiteko.

When the text box has focus, use the keyboard shortcuts that are listed in to navigate the text box area. When the text box has focus, you can also use the keyboard shortcuts in the following table to navigate the drop-down list area:

Teklak | Funtzioa
--- | ---
gora gezia | Goitibeherako zerrendako aurreko elementua hautatzen du zerrenda bistaratu gabe.
behera gezia | Goitibeherako zerrendako hurrengo elementua hautatzen du zerrenda bistaratu gabe.
Ktrl behera gezia | Goitibeherako zerrenda irekitzen du.

When the drop-down list has focus, you can use the keyboard shortcuts that are listed in the following table to navigate the drop-down list:

Teklak | Funtzioa
--- | ---
gora gezia | Zerrendako aurreko elementua hautatzen du.
behera gezia | Zerrendako hurrengo elementua hautatzen du.
Hasi | Select the first item in the list.
Amai | Select the last item in the list.
Orria gora | Uneko zerrenda-ikuspegiaren goiko elementua hautatzen du.
Orria behera | Uneko zerrenda-ikuspegiaren beheko elementua hautatzen du.
zuriune-barra | Uneko hautapena onartu eta goitibeherako zerrenda ixten du.
Ktrl Orria gora | Zerrendaren ezkerrera korritzen da, behar izanez gero.
Ktrl Orria behera | Zerrendaren eskuinera korritzen da, behar izanez gero.

##### Navigating Sliders

Graduatzailea balio-barruti batean balio bat ezartzeko erabiltzen duzun kontrola da.

###### Graduatzailearen adibidea

Graduatzailearen adibidea. Ezkerrera nahiz eskuinera mugi dezakezun graduatzaile-kontrol bat bistaratzen du.

The following table describes the keyboard shortcuts that you can use to navigate a slider:

Teklak | Funtzioa
--- | ---
left arrow or up arrow | Graduatzailea pixka bat ezkerrera edo gora eramaten du.
eskuinera gezi-tekla edo behera gezi-tekla | Graduatzailea pixka bat eskuinera edo behera eramaten du.
Orria gora | Move the slider left or up by a large amount.
Orria behera | Move the slider right or down by a large amount.
Hasi | Graduatzailea balio maximora eramaten du.
Amai | Graduatzailea balio minimora eramaten du.

##### Navigating Tabbed Sections

###### Atal fitxaduna duen elkarrizketa-koadroaren adibidea

Editing profile dialog from the GNOME Terminala application; contains six tabbed sections.

Windows and dialogs are sometimes divided into logical sections that are displayed one section at a time on the window or dialog. The overall control is referred to as a notebook or tabbed panel. The divisions are called panels, pages, or tabs, and are sometimes collectively referred to as a tabstrip or notebook header. Each individual tab is identified by a text label.

The following table lists the keyboard shortcuts that you can use to navigate the tabbed sections of a window or dialog when a tabstrip has focus:

Teklak | Funtzioa
--- | ---
ezker-gezia | Aurreko atal fitxadunari ematen dio fokua.
eskuin-gezia | Hurrengo atal fitxadunari ematen dio fokua.
Tab or Ctrl down arrow | Give focus to the first control in the active section.

The following table lists the keyboard shortcuts that you can use to navigate a window or dialog when a control within a section has focus:

Teklak | Funtzioa
--- | ---
Ktrl Alt Orria gora | Give focus to the previous section.
Ktrl Alt Orria behera | Give focus to the next section.
Ktrl Tab | Give focus to the next control outside the sections.

##### Navigating Lists

The following table lists the keyboard shortcuts that you can use to navigate multi-column lists when a column header has focus:

Teklak | Funtzioa
--- | ---
ezkerrera gezi-tekla edo eskuinera gezi-tekla | Fokua aurreko edo hurrengo zutabearen goiburuari ematen dio.
zuriune-barra | Goiburua aktibatzen du. Ekintza honek, normalean, zutabeen goiburuaren arabera ordenatzen du zerrenda.
Tab | Zerrendaren edukiari ematen dio fokua.

The following table lists the keyboard shortcuts that you can use to navigate lists when the list area has focus:

Teklak | Funtzioa
--- | ---
gezi-teklak | Aurreko edo ondorengo errenkada edo zutabea hautatzen du.
Orria gora | Select the top row of the list contents that are currently in view. Press Page Up again to select the top row of the previous view.
Orria behera | Select the bottom row of the list contents that are currently in view. Press Page Down again to select the bottom row of the next view.
Hasi | Zerrendako lehen errenkada hautatzen du.
Amai | Zerrendako azken errenkada hautatzen du.
Maius + gezi-teklak | Lerro anitzeko hautapenak onartzen dituzten zerrendetan, hurrengo edo aurreko errenkada edo zutabea uneko hautapenari gehitzen dio. Lerro bakarreko hautapenak soilik onartzen dituzten zerrendetan, hurrengo edo aurreko errenkada edo zutabea hautatzen du.
Maius Orria gora | Uneko hautapenaren eta ikuspegiaren goiko errenkadaren arteko errenkada guztiak hautatzen ditu.
Maius Orria behera | Uneko hautapenaren eta ikuspegiaren beheko errenkadaren arteko errenkada guztiak hautatzen ditu.
Maius Hasi | Uneko hautapenaren eta zerrendako lehen errenkadaren arteko errenkada guztiak hautatzen ditu.
Maius Amai | Uneko hautapenaren eta zerrendako azken errenkadaren arteko errenkada guztiak hautatzen ditu.
Ktrl + gezi-teklak | Give focus to the next row or column without extending the selection. Further items can be selected by pressing spacebar.
Ktrl Orria gora | Give focus to the top row in the view without extending the selection.
Ktrl Orria behera | Give focus to the bottom row in the view without extending the selection.
Ktrl Hasi | Give focus to the first row in the list without extending the selection.
Ktrl Amai | Give focus to the last row in the list without extending the selection.
Itzuli | Activate the item(s).
Ktrl A | Select all rows (for lists that support multi-line selections).
Maius Tab | Zutabearen goiburuari ematen dio fokua, egin baldin badaiteke.

##### Navigating Trees

Zuhaitza erabiltzailearen interfaze-kontrola da, eta zabaldu eta toles ditzakezun atalak ditu. Zuhaitzak, normalean, egitura hierarkikoa irudikatzen du.

###### Zuhaitz-egituraren adibidea

Categories tree from the gedit preferences dialog; contains three subcategories.

To navigate trees, you can use the same keyboard shortcuts that are listed in . In addition, the following table lists the keyboard shortcuts you can use for the tree items:

Teklak | Funtzioa
--- | ---
+ (plus) or shift right | Fokua duen elementua zabaltzen du.
- (minus) or shift left | Fokua duen elementua tolesten du.
atzera tekla | Elementu gurasoa hautatzen du.
Ktrl F | Display a search dialog, allowing you to type the name of the tree item that you want to find. Not all trees support searching.

#### Laster-teklak pertsonalizatzea

Use the Keyboard Shortcuts preference tool to display the default keyboard shortcuts that you use to navigate the GNOME Desktop. You can customize the default keyboard shortcuts to meet your requirements. You can also create hot keys (keyboard shortcuts which start applications).

To start the Keyboard Shortcuts preference tool, choose System Preferences Keyboard Shortcuts . The Desktop shortcuts table lists the keyboard shortcuts that are associated with each action.

##### Assigning and Clearing Keyboard Shortcuts

To assign a keyboard shortcut, perform the following steps:

1. Ekintza bati lasterbidea pertsonalizatzeko, egin klik ekintzaren gainean. Errenkada nabarmendu egingo da, eta testu hau bistaratuko da Laster-tekla zutabean: Idatzi laster-tekla berria, edo sakatu Atzera-tekla garbitzeko.

2. Sakatu ekintza horrekin lotu nahi dituzun teklak. Laster-tekla berria Laster-tekla zutabean bistaratuko da.

Laster-teklak desgaitzeko, jarraitu urrats hauek:

1. Ekintza baten laster-tekla desgaitzeko, egin klik ekintzaren gainean. Errenkada nabarmendu egingo da, eta testu hau bistaratuko da Laster-tekla zutabean: Idatzi laster-tekla berria, edo sakatu Atzera-tekla garbitzeko.

2. Press the backspace. The keyboard shortcut is disabled.

## Ikusmen baxua edo itsutasuna

From low vision to blindness, the range of visual limitations is broad. Symptoms of low vision include dimness, haziness, extreme far-/near-sightedness, color blindness, and tunnel vision, among others. People with these disabilities are concerned with being able to see text or images on a computer screen and being able to perform tasks that require eye-hand coordination, such as moving a computer mouse. Text size and color can make a big difference in legibility for people with low vision.

Ikusmen baxua edo itsutasuna duten erabiltzaileentzako lagungarri diren teknologiak honakoak dira:

- Desktop Appearance Enhancement - users can configure the desktop to be easy to read; for example, by increasing text size and using high-contrast themes.

- Screen Magnifier - this is like a magnifying glass. People using them are able to control what area of the computer screen they want enlarged, and can move the magnifier to view different areas of the screen. They are also known as screen enlargers or large print programs.

- Screen Reader - this makes on-screen information available as synthesized speech and/or a refreshable braille display. They generally only translate text-based information. Graphics and other non-textual objects can be translated if there is alternative text describing the item. They are also known as blind access utilities or screen reviewers.

### Desktop Appearance Enhancement

This chapter describes the methods you can use to change the appearance of the GNOME Desktop in order to enhance the accessibility of the desktop for users with visual impairments.

#### Pertsonalizatzeko aukerak

There are several ways to customize the appearance of the GNOME Desktop to suit your specific needs:

Gaiak

  Themes are the most effective way to change the appearance of the desktop in a consistent manner. See for more information about themes and how to use them to achieve the type of desktop environment that you require.

Desktop and Application-Specific Configuration Settings

  You can customize different components of the desktop to achieve the display settings that you require. You can configure the desktop and applications in addition to using themes or as an alternative to themes. See for more information.

Ondorengo taulan GNOME mahaigainean egin ditzakezun aldaketak eta aldaketa horiek non egin ditzakezun laburki azaltzen da. Gida honetan ez da xehetasunik ematen mahaigaina pertsonalizatzeari buruz. Mahaigainak eskaintzen dituen pertsonalizazio-tresnak erabiltzeko xehetasunak lortzeko, kontsultatu tresna bakoitzaren Laguntza, edo Erabiltzailearen gida.

##### Mahaigainaren itxura pertsonalizatzeko Erreferentzia azkarra

Honako hau aldatzeko: | Erabili...
--- | ---
Overall appearance of the desktop using high-contrast colors, low-contrast colors, or large print. | The Theme section of the Appearance preference tool.
Mahaigainaren atzeko planoaren itxura bakarrik. | The Desktop Background section of the Appearance preference tool; also the file manager Backgrounds and Emblems menu item.
Appearance of the mouse pointer. | The Theme section of the Appearance preference tool; use the Pointers tab of the Customize option.
Mahaigainaren atzeko planoko letra-tipoa eta mahaigaineko aplikazio guztiak. | The Font section of the Appearance preference tool.
Testu-editorea, Terminala edo Laguntza aplikazioen letra-tipoaren ezarpen lehenetsiak. | Normally these applications use the default application font that is specified in the Font section of the Appearance preference tool, but these font settings can also be overridden in the Preferences dialog for the application.

#### Mahaigaina pertsonalizatzeko Gaiak erabiltzea

Atal honetan, GNOME mahaigainaren itxura pertsonalizatzeko gaiak nola erabili behar diren azaltzen da.

##### Gaien sarrera

A theme is a group of coordinated settings that specifies how a desktop component or a group of desktop components appears. You can use themes to modify and control the appearance of the desktop in a consistent manner. When you apply a theme, the system modifies many desktop components simultaneously to achieve the desired effect. For example, if you apply a theme that increases the font size across the desktop, the theme also modifies the size of panels and icons on the desktop for optimum compatibility with the font size. Some themes have suggested font settings that may optionally be auto-set; in addition, most colors within a theme can be customized.

A theme contains settings that affect different parts of the desktop:

Kontrolak

  The controls setting for a theme determines the visual appearance of all windows, applications, panels, and panel applications. The controls setting also determines the visual appearance of the GNOME-compliant interface items that appear on windows, applications, panels, and panel applications such as menus, icons, and buttons. Some of the control options that are available in the desktop are designed for special accessibility needs.

Window Border

  Leiho-markoen ezarpenak leihoen inguruko ertzaren itxurari bakarrik eragiten dio.

Ikonoa

  Ikono-ezarpenak paneleko eta mahaigainaren atzeko planoko ikonoen itxura zehazten du.

##### Choosing Themes

Gai bat aukeratzeko, jarraitu urrats hauek:

1. Choose System Preferences Appearance . The themes are listed under the Theme tab.

2. Click on a theme in the list box to choose a new theme. The system automatically applies the theme to the desktop, and may also prompt whether to apply a suggested font for the theme.

   Erabilerraztasunaren beharretara egoki daitezkeen hainbat gai daude erabilgarri; ondoko taulan azaltzen dira:

   ###### Erabilerraztasun-beharrak dituztenentzako gaiak

   Gaiaren izena | Azalpena
   --- | ---
   Kontraste handia | Provides dark text on a light background using high-contrast colors.
   Kontraste handia alderantziz | Provides light text on a dark background using high-contrast colors.
   Letra handia | 18 pt-ko letra-tipoaren tamaina erabiltzen du. Atzeko eta aurreko planoko koloreak Lehenetsia mahaigaineko gaian zehaztutako koloreen berdinak dira. Letra-tipo hori aplikatzeko, egin klik Aplikatu letra-tipoa botoian.
   Kontraste handia Letra handia | Testu iluna atzeko plano argian eskaintzen du, eta kontraste handiko koloreak eta 18 pt-ko letra-tipoaren tamaina iradokitzen ditu. Letra-tipo hori aplikatzeko, egin klik Aplikatu letra-tipoa botoian.
   Kontraste handia Letra handia alderantziz | Testu argia atzeko plano ilunean eskaintzen du, eta kontraste handiko koloreak eta 18 pt-ko letra-tipoaren tamaina iradokitzen ditu. Letra-tipo hori aplikatzeko, egin klik Aplikatu letra-tipoa botoian.

In some GNOME distributions there are also prebuilt low-contrast/low-contrast-large-print themes to complement the high-contrast theme set.

To view the controls, window frame, and icon settings that are associated with a theme, select a theme in the Appearance preference tool, then click on the Theme tab. The Customize option contains a tabbed section for each setting category. Each tabbed section lists the options that are available and the current setting for the theme is highlighted.

##### Modifying the Controls Setting for a Theme

Gai batekin lotutako kontrol-ezarpenak aldatzeko, jarraitu urrats hauek:

1. Within the Theme tab, select the theme that you want to modify.

2. Click on the Customize button. The Customize Theme dialog is displayed.

3. Egin klik Kontrolak fitxan, erabilgarri dauden kontrol-aukerak bistaratzeko.

4. Select the controls option that you want to associate with the current theme from the list box, then click Close. The following table lists the controls options that are suitable for accessibility needs:

###### Erabilerraztasun-beharrak dituztenentzako kontrol-aukerak.

Kontrol-aukera | Azalpena
--- | ---
Kontraste handia | Provides dark text on a light background using high-contrast colors.
Kontraste handia alderantziz | Provides light text on a dark background using high-contrast colors.
Letra handia | Kontrolen tamaina handitzen du, letra-tipo handiagoak sartu ahal izateko. Letraren tamaina handitzeko, erabili Letra-tipoa hobespen-tresna. Atzeko eta aurreko planoko koloreak Lehenetsia mahaigaineko gaian zehaztutako koloreen berdinak dira.
Kontraste handia Letra handia | Provides dark text on a light background using high-contrast colors. Increases the size of controls to accommodate larger fonts. To increase the font size, you must use the Font preference tool.
Kontraste handia Letra handia alderantziz | Provides light text on a dark background using high-contrast colors. Increases the size of controls to accommodate larger fonts. To increase the font size, you must use the Font preference tool.

##### Modifying the Window Border Setting for a Theme

Gai batekin lotutako leiho-ertzaren ezarpena aldatzeko, jarraitu urrats hauek:

1. In the Appearance preference tool, choose the Theme tab and the theme you want to modify.

2. Click on the Customize button. The Customize Theme dialog is displayed.

3. Egin klik Leiho-ertza fitxan, erabilgarri dauden leiho-ertzen aukerak ikusteko.

4. Select the window frame option that you want to associate with the current theme from the list box, then click Close. The Atlanta option is designed for accessibility.

##### Modifying the Icon Setting for a Theme

Gai batekin lotutako ikono-ezarpena aldatzeko, jarraitu urrats hauek:

1. In the Appearance preference tool, choose the Theme tab and select the theme that you want to modify.

2. Click on the Customize button. The Customize Theme dialog is displayed.

3. Egin klik Ikonoak fitxan, erabilgarri dauden ikono-aukerak bistaratzeko.

4. Select the icon option that you want to associate with the theme from the list box, then click Close. The following table lists the icon options that are suitable for accessibility needs:

###### Erabilerraztasun-beharrak dituztenentzako ikono-aukerak

Ikono-aukera | Azalpena
--- | ---
Kontraste handia | Provides dark-on-light icons using high-contrast colors.
Kontraste handia alderantziz | Provides light-on-dark icons using high-contrast colors.

##### Creating Your Own Themes

For information about how to create your own themes, see the System Administration Guide.

#### Mahaigaineko osagai espezifikoak pertsonalizatzea

This section describes how to customize specific components of the GNOME Desktop individually.

##### Customizing the Desktop Background

The themes do not affect the desktop background. To set the desktop background, choose System Preferences Appearance and select a background from the Background tab. If no background is chosen, the first entry listed here may be used.

##### Customizing Desktop Background Objects

Mahaigainaren atzeko planoan bistaratzen diren ikonoen tamaina Fitxategi-kudeaketa hobespen-tresnak kontrolatzen du. Ikonoen tamaina aldatzeko, jarraitu urrats hauek:

1. Fitxategi-kudeatzailea leihoan, hautatu Editatu Hobespenak menu-elementua.

2. Hautatu Ikuspegiak atal fitxaduna.

3. In the Icon View Defaults group, select the zoom level that you require in the Default Zoom Level drop-down list.

##### Customizing Fonts

Atal honetan mahaigainerako eta sarri erabiltzen diren aplikazioetarako letra-tipoen ezarpenak nola pertsonalizatu azaltzen da.

Mahaigainean eta mahaigainaren atzeko planoan erabiltzen den letra-tipoarekin eta bere tamaina lehenetsiarekin zailtasunak badituzu, letra-tipoaren ezarpenak zure beharretara egokitzeko pertsonaliza ditzakezu.

Letra-tipoaren ezarpen indibidualak zehatz ditzakezu, mahaigaineko osagai eta aplikazio hauetan:

- Entire desktop (excluding the desktop background)

- Mahaigainaren atzeko planoa bakarrik

- Terminala

- Testu-editorea

- Laguntza

- Web arakatzailea

###### Customizing Desktop Fonts

The Appearance preference tool allows you to specify the default fonts for the desktop.

To start the Appearance preference tool, choose System Preferences Appearance. The Fonts tab contains the following options:

Application Font

  Egin klik botoi honetan mahaigainean bistaratzen den testuarentzako letra-tipo lehenetsia hautatzeko, GNOMErekin bateragarriak diren aplikazio eta panel-aplikazioekin lotutako leihoetan eta elkarrizketa-koadroetan bistaratzen den testuarena barne.

  If you use a predefined theme and you click on the Apply Font button, the font that is associated with the theme overrides the font from the Appearance preference tool.

Document Font

  Egin klik botoi honetan dokumentuak bistaratzeko letra-tipoa hautatzeko.

Desktop Font

  Egin klik botoi honetan mahaigainaren atzeko planoan soilik agertzen den testuarentzako letra-tipoa hautatzeko.

Window Title Font

  Click on this button to select a font to use for the text that is displayed in the titlebar area of windows.

Fixed Width Font

  Egin klik botoi honetan dokumentuak editatzeko letra-tipoa hautatzeko.

Font Rendering

  Mahaigaineko letra-tipoak nola errendatu zehazteko, hautatu aukera hauetako bat:

  - Monokromoa

  - Best Shapes

  - Best Contrast

  - Subpixel Smoothing

If you use large fonts, you may need to change the size of panes in some applications, such as the file manager and Help browser.

For more information about the Appearance preference tool and fonts, see the User Guide.

###### Customizing Application Fonts

By default, GNOME applications use the default font specified in the Appearance preference tool. Some applications allow this default font to be customized. These applications are:

- Laguntza-arakatzailea

- Testu-editorea

- Terminala

- Web arakatzailea

#### Erabilerraztasun-behar espezifikoak konpontzea

Ondorengo ataletan mahaigaineko erabilerraztasuna eremu jakin batean hobetzeko eman behar diren urratsak laburbiltzen dira.

##### Achieving a High- or Low-Contrast Desktop

To achieve a high- or low-contrast desktop, perform the following steps:

1. Use the Appearance preference tool to select the high-contrast or low-contrast desktop theme that you require from the Theme tab.

2. Use the Background tab to customize your desktop background as follows:

   - Ezarri Mahaigaineko horma-paperean Horma-paperik ez.

   - Ezarri Mahaigainaren koloreetan Kolore lisoa.

   - Hautatu zure beharretara egokitzen den atzeko planoko kolorea.

3. Terminala aplikazioan, ziurtatu Erabili sistemaren gaiaren koloreak aukera hautatuta dagoela, Editatu profila elkarrizketa-koadroko Koloreak fitxadun atalean.

4. In the gedit (Text Editor) application, ensure that the Use default theme colors option is selected in the Fonts & Colors tabbed section of the Preferences dialog.

##### Achieving a Large Print Desktop

To achieve a large-print desktop, perform the following steps:

1. Use the Appearance preference tool to select the Large Print theme.

2. Egin klik Aplikatu letra-tipoa botoian, mahaigainean eta leiho-markoetan erabilitako letra-tipoaren tamaina handitzeko.

3. Use the Desktop Font option in the Font tab to increase the font that is displayed on desktop background objects.

4. Handitu Terminala aplikazioren leihoko edukia bistaratzeko erabiltzen den letra-tipoaren tamaina.

5. If the Use default theme font option is selected in the gedit (Text Editor) Preferences dialog, gedit uses the font size that is specified in the large-print theme that you selected. However, if the Use default theme font option is not selected, increase the font size that is used to display the contents of the gedit text editor window. See the gedit manual for more information.

6. If you use applications that use panes, such as the file manager and help browser, you may need to change the size of panes to accommodate the large print. See the online help for the appropriate application for more information.

### Orca: Screen Reader and Magnifier

The Orca Screen Reader and Magnifier application enables users with limited or no vision to use the GNOME Desktop and associated applications. Orca provides the following functionality:

- Screen Reader

  The screen reader enables non-visual access to standard applications in the GNOME Desktop by using speech and braille output.

- Lupa

  The magnifier provides automated focus tracking and full-screen magnification to aid low-vision users.

The following sections provide information about Orca and how to use it.

#### Orca-ren sarrera

##### Zer da Orca?

Orca is a flexible, extensible, and powerful assistive technology for people with visual impairments. Using various combinations of speech synthesis, braille and magnification, Orca helps provide access to applications and toolkits that support the AT-SPI (e.g., the GNOME Desktop). Orca is also free open source software.

##### Zergatik du Orca izena?

One of the first DOS screen readers was Flipper, made by Omnichron Corporation in Berkeley, CA. It was named Flipper in part because the blind wife of the programmer envisioned computers as being programmed by flipping switches (an accurate image of a bygone era). Then came another DOS screen reader, this one from Henter-Joyce in Florida - "Jobs Access With Speech" (or JAWS). And so on....

Although no obvious connection exists between blindness and creatures from the sea, there is certainly a naming tradition for screen-reader software. Hence Orca, which is a lot tougher-sounding than Nemo, Ariel, Willy, or Mr. Limpet.

##### Zer da planifikazioa?

Orca is part of the GNOME platform and Orca's releases are coupled with the releases of the GNOME platform.

##### Nola eska dezaket eginbide berri bat?

Bugs and feature/enhancement requests (RFEs) should be reported to the GNOME Bug Tracking System . Patches are always welcome, and instructions for creating patches can be found in the GNOME Introduction to Subversion (SVN) .

##### Non dago eztabaida-zerrenda?

You can get in touch with developers and other users by sending an e-mail to the Orca mailing list (Archives).

##### Braille onartuta dago?

Yes! Braille is supported via BrlTTY and it is tightly integrated with Orca. BrlTTY offers support for nearly every refreshable braille display known to man.

##### Is contracted braille supported?

Yes, Orca fully supports contracted braille output.

##### Zein ahots daude erabilgarri?

Orca provides interfaces to both `gnome-speech` and `emacspeak` speech services. As such, the available voices for Orca are only restricted by the speech engines supported by the available speech services. For free speech engines, you typically have a choice of the eSpeak, Festival, and FreeTTS speech engines. For commercial engines, you have a choice of additional engines such as Fonix DECtalk, Loquendo, Eloquence, Cepstral and IBMTTS, with others on the way. Periodically check the `gnome-speech` package for more progress in this area.

##### Zein hizkuntza daude onartuta?

The GNOME translation teams are composed of many passionate volunteers from around the world. These teams do a great job and keep an up-to-date status report. See the Orca translation status page for the large number of languages into which Orca has been translated.

Note: support for a language also depends on the speech synthesis engine also supporting the same language.

##### How well does magnification work?

Orca currently uses the `gnome-mag` magnification service. `gnome-mag` has incorporated support for smoother full-screen magnification, which relies upon newer extensions in the X Window System server. These extensions do not always function well on all platforms, so smooth full-screen magnification may not always work.

#### Enabling Orca

For a text-only guided setup, open a Run dialog with Alt F2 or Meta R and use the command `orca --text-setup` Enter.

The first time Orca is launched you will be asked a few questions:

First you will be presented with a list of languages to choose from; there are currently about 64 languages and dialects supported. Most of this list will scroll off the screen, so you may have to use the terminal's scrollbar to view earlier parts of the list. Type in the number of your language choice (e.g., 7 for American English) and press Enter. You do not need to wait for the entire list to be spoken, and Orca attempts to make your default language the first choice (choice 1).

You are next asked to set Echo By Word. This option instructs Orca to speak words as you finish typing them. Type y or n and press Enter.

The next item is Key Echo. This option will speak all keys as they are pressed. Type y or n and press Enter.

Now select your desired keyboard layout; generally, you will want to choose the layout that matches your keyboard type - 1 for Desktop or 2 for Laptop. This choice will determine what key will act as the Orca modifier key. The Desktop layout uses Insert while the Laptop layout uses Caps Lock. A system, host, shift or modifier key is one which is used in conjunction with other keys, enabling keyboard access to most program functions.

Next, specify if you require braille output. This functionality assumes a BrlTTY-compatible device is available. Type y or n and press Enter. Note that you can usually just enter y here; Orca will recover gracefully and function even if it cannot find BrlTTY.

Lastly, indicate whether you want an on-screen braille output monitor. This is mostly for developers who need to verify BrlTTY output, but may also be useful in other situations, such as visually diagnosing or verifying braille output. Type y or n and press Enter.

That's it! Orca is now ready for use. If accessibility was not yet enabled, Orca does so now and asks you to logout and back in for the services to start. Type y and press Enter to restart your login session.

After completing the first-time Orca settings, use Alt F2 or Meta R to bring up the Run dialog, type in `orca` and press Enter. Accessibility functions should now be active. Orca's Configuration GUI () also has an option to let you indicate that Orca should be started automatically when you log in.

If you plan to use the Magnifier portion of Orca in full screen mode, confirm the Xserver "Composite" extension is enabled: use Alt F2 or Meta R to bring up the Run dialog, type in `xdpyinfo` and press Enter. Look for the string "Composite" in the output.

#### Orca erabiltzea

##### Initial Setup

When you run Orca for the first time, it will automatically enter setup mode. If you want to run setup at some later point, you can pass the `--setup` option to Orca the next time you run it. Furthermore, while Orca is running, you can press Insert Space to bring up Orca's Configuration GUI (). Finally, Orca provides a text setup utility that you can start by passing the `--text-setup` option to Orca. All of these options will create a `~/.orca/user-settings.py` file that holds your preferences and will also enable the accessibility infrastructure. You need to log out and log back in for the new settings to take effect.

##### Nola exekuta dezaket Orca?

Run Orca by typing `orca` in a terminal session window. You can do so from a virtual console window if you do not yet have access to the GUI. With the GUI installed you can also press Alt F2 or Meta R to bring up the Run dialog and then type `orca` as the command (followed by any optional parameters). Then, press Enter. Orca will automatically enter text setup mode if you run it from a virtual console window or your GUI environment is not yet set up for accessibility.

##### Orca-tik irtetzea

To quit Orca, press Insert Q (or CapsLock Q in laptop layout mode). A confirmation dialog will appear. Select Quit to close Orca. If the system seems unresponsive, you can try a few things:

- Run `orca --quit` from a terminal window, such as a virtual console; press Ctrl Alt F1 (on most Linux platforms) to get to a virtual console, enter your commands, and then use Alt F7 to get back to the desktop. This will kill the Orca process and reclaim system resources. You can then rerun Orca using the previously outlined methods.

- Press Ctrl Alt Backspace to end your login session and get back to the graphical login prompt (not implemented in all Linux distributions).

#### Orca konfiguratzeko interfazea

The Orca Configuration GUI allows you to customize the behavior and features of Orca, such as speech, braille, and magnification. For example, you can select which speech synthesis engine you want to use, whether braille is enabled or not, and which magnification preferences you want. You can select which general keyboard layout you want (desktop or laptop) and you can also examine and modify the existing keyboard layout with fine-grained control. To bring up the Orca Configuration GUI, press Orca_Modifier Space, where Orca_Modifier is Insert when you use the Desktop Keyboard Layout () and CapsLock when you use the Laptop Keyboard Layout (). If you want to change settings for a single application, press Ctrl Orca_Modifier Space while the application has focus.

The Orca Configuration GUI is a dialog containing several tabbed pages, each of which is described in the following sections.

##### Orrialde orokorra

Orca GUI Configuration - General Page

The General page allows you to customize general aspects of Orca. These include the following:

###### Keyboard Layout

The keyboard layout section allows you to specify if you will be working on a laptop (small) or desktop (large, with a numeric keypad) keyboard. You select which layout you want by selecting one of the following options:

Desktop - if selected, the Desktop Keyboard Layout () will be used.

Laptop - if selected, the Laptop Keyboard Layout () will be used.

###### Erakutsi Orca-ren leiho nagusia

Orca GUI Configuration - Main window

The Orca main window provides you with a graphical way to display the Orca Configuration GUI (also accessible with Orca_Modifier Space, where Orca_Modifier is Insert when you use the Desktop Keyboard Layout () and Caps_Lock when you use the Laptop Keyboard Layout ()). The main window also provides a Quit option, also available with Orca_Modifier Q). Many users do not like the Orca main window because it shows up in the window manager's tab order when you press Alt Tab to switch windows. By deselecting the "Show Orca main window" button, you can tell Orca to not show the Orca main window.

###### Irten Orca-tik berrespenik gabe

Normally, when you press Orca_Modifier Q to quit Orca or press the Quit button in the Orca main window, Orca will pop up a confirmation dialog asking you if you want to quit. Unchecking this option prevents the confirmation window from appearing.

###### Disable gksu keyboard grab

When running commands from the launch menu, many distributions use an application known as gksu to authorize the user to run these commands; gksu is the GUI that asks you for your password. When it runs, gksu enables what is known as a "keyboard grab," which is a feature to prevent keyboard actions from going to any other application on the desktop, including Orca. The result of a keyboard grab is that Orca will not receive any keyboard events, preventing Orca from functioning normally.

By selecting the "Disable gksu keyboard grab" button, you will turn off the keyboard grab behavior, allowing Orca to function normally with system administration applications.

The keyboard grab is a security attempt by gksu to prevent nefarious applications from "sniffing" the keyboard and grabbing secret information. Please be advised that disabling the gksu keyboard grab feature can expose you to such nefarious behavior. If you do not feel comfortable with this, you can always use the root account for system administration purposes. To do so, you need to enable the root account for login, and then logout and log back in as root whenever you want to perform a system administration command.

###### Present tooltips

When checked, this option will tell Orca to present information about tooltips when they appear as the result of mouse hovering. Specific actions to force tooltips to appear, such as pressing Ctrl F1 when an object has focus, will always result in tooltips being presented, regardless of this setting.

###### Speak object under mouse

When checked, this option will tell Orca to present information about the object under the mouse when you move it around the screen. Note that this can cause Firefox and Thunderbird versions 2.x and earlier to crash; this is not a problem with Firefox and Thunderbird versions 3.x and later.

###### Start Orca when you login

When checked, this option will tell the system to automatically launch Orca when you log in.

##### Speech Page

Orca GUI Configuration - Speech Page

The speech page allows you to customize how Orca uses speech synthesis.

###### Enable speech

The first control of note on the speech page is the "enable speech" check box. This check box toggles whether or not Orca will make use of a speech synthesizer. This option, along with the ability to enable braille and enable magnifier support, allow Orca to be tailored to meet the needs of a wide variety of users.

###### Speech System and Speech Synthesizer

The next two controls deal with selecting the speech system and synthesizer. Orca provides support for a growing number of speech systems. At the time of this writing, these include GNOME-speech, Emacspeak, and an experimental backend for Speech Dispatcher. Depending upon how your machine is configured, you may have all or none of these options. Typically, you will have just GNOME-speech.

First, determine which speech system you would like to use - GNOME-speech works best at this time. After making your selection, tab to the speech synthesizer combo box and choose from the list of available synthesizers.

###### Voice Settings

If your synthesizer supports it, Orca can utilize multiple voices in order to identify special cases within an application, such as hyperlinks or upper case text. The voice settings and person combo boxes can be adjusted to customize these settings to your liking. For example, assume you were using Fonix DECtalk and wanted the Betty voice to denote upper case. To accomplish this, you could do the following:

1. Tab to the voice settings combo box, and down arrow until the upper case voice is selected.

2. Tab to the person combo box, and down arrow to choose the Betty voice.

The next three sliders in the tab order allow adjustment of the synthesizer's rate, pitch and volume, respectively.

###### Puntuazio-maila

The punctuation level radio button group is used to adjust the amount of punctuation spoken by the synthesizer. The available levels are None, Some, Most and All.

###### Verbosity

The verbosity setting determines the amount of information that will be spoken in certain situations. For example, if it is set to verbose, the synthesizer will speak shortcut keys for items in pull down menus. When it is set to brief, these shortcut keys are not announced.

###### Table Row Speech

The table row speech option determines the way in which Orca will read items within tables. The available settings are "speak current row" or "speak current cell". The ability to adjust this behavior can be useful in many situations. For example, consider the process of browsing email messages in Evolution. In this instance it may be preferable to set table speech to "speak current row" so that while arrowing through the list of messages all relevant info, such as the sender, subject, and whether the message has attachments, is read automatically. While the current row setting is active, it is still possible to read individual cells by using the left and right arrows.

You can quickly toggle this behavior by pressing Orca_Modifier F11.

###### Speak Blank Lines

Some users desire to hear "blank" when navigating to a blank line in a document. Other users do not. If the "speak blank lines" check box is selected, Orca will speak blank lines.

###### Speak multicase strings as words

When working with code, one often comes across a "word" consisting of several words with alternating case, such as "MultiCaseString." Speech synthesizers do not always pronounce such multicase strings correctly. Checking the Speak multicase strings as words checkbox will cause Orca to break a word like "MultiCaseString" into separate words ("Multi," "Case," and "String") prior to passing it along to the speech synthesizer.

###### Speak tutorial messages

When moving from component to component in an interface, this option will provide spoken tutorial messages for how to work with the component.

###### Speak object mnemonics

This option will cause Orca to announce the mnemonic associated with the object with focus (such as "Alt O" for the OK button).

###### Break speech into chunks between pauses

Depending on the enabled speech settings, Orca may have quite a bit to say about a particular object such as its name, its role, its state, its mnemonic, its tutorial message, and so on. Checking the Break speech into chunks between pauses checkbox will cause Orca to insert brief pauses in between each of these pieces of information.

###### Speak child position

Checking the Speak child position checkbox will cause Orca to announce the position of the focused item in menus and lists (e.g. "9 of 16").

###### Speak Indentation and Justification

When working with code or editing other documents it is often desirable to be aware of justification and indentation. Selecting the Speak indentation and justification check box will cause Orca to provide this information.

###### Speak Progress Bar Updates

If this setting is enabled, Orca will periodically announce the status of progress bars. How often the announcement is made is determined by the value chosen in the update interval spin button. Note that this spin button is only available if the Speak progress bar updates checkbox has been checked.

###### Restrict progress bar updates to

This setting controls which progress bars should be spoken, assuming the Speak progress bar updates checkbox has been checked. The choices are All, Application, and Window. Choosing All will result in Orca speaking updates for all progress bars, regardless of where the progress bars are located. Choosing Application will result in Orca speaking updates from progress bars in the active application, even if they are not in the active window. Choosing Window will result in Orca only speaking updates for progress bars in the active window. The default value is Application.

###### Say All By

This combo box allows you to specify whether the "say all" functionality of Orca speaks by sentence or line. See the Desktop Keyboard Layout () and Laptop Keyboard Layout () for how to invoke the "say all" functionality).

##### Braille orrialdea

Orca GUI Configuration - Braille Page

The braille page allows you to customize various aspects about the use of braille.

Orca does not automatically start BrlTTY for you; typically you need to do this yourself, usually at boot time.

###### Gaitu Braille euskarria

The first control on the braille page is the "Enable braille support" check box. This check box toggles whether or not Orca will make use of a braille display. This option, along with the ability to enable braille and enable magnifier support, allow Orca to be tailored to meet the needs of a wide variety of users. By default, this check box is enabled. If BrlTTY is not running, Orca will recover gracefully and will not communicate with the braille display. If you configure BrlTTY later on, you need to restart Orca in order for it to use braille.

###### Gaitu Braille monitorea

Orca's braille monitor provides an on-screen representation of what takes place on the braille display. This feature is mostly for demonstration purposes, but is also useful for Orca developers who do not have access to a braille display.

###### Abbreviated Role Names

The "Abbreviated role names" check box determines the manner in which role names are displayed and can be used to help conserve real estate on the braille display. The "Abbreviated role names" option can be better understood if we consider the following example. Let us assume that a slider had focus, and that the abbreviated role names box was not checked. In this case, the word "slider" would be shown on the display, to reflect the fact that the current control was indeed a slider. If the abbreviated role names box were checked, the word "slider" would be abbreviated to "sldr".

###### Disable end of line symbol

When checked, this feature tells Orca to not present the "$l" string at the end of a line.

###### Contracted Braille

Orca supports contracted braille via the liblouis project. Refer to the Orca WIKI, where you can find additional information about setting up liblouis with Orca.

###### Verbosity

The verbosity radio button group determines the amount of information that will be brailled in certain situations. For example, if it is set to verbose, keyboard shortcut and role name information is displayed. This information is not displayed in brief mode.

###### Selection Indicator

When you select text, Orca will "underline" that text on your braille display with Dots 7 and 8. If you would prefer, you can change the indicator to only be Dot 7, only be Dot 8, or not be present at all.

###### Hyperlink Indicator

When you encounter a hyperlink, Orca will "underline" that text on your braille display with Dots 7 and 8. If you would prefer, you can change the indicator to only be Dot 7, only be Dot 8, or not be present at all.

##### Key Echo Page

Orca GUI Configuration - Key Echo Page

The key echo page allows you to specify the behavior of Orca when pressing keys on the page and whether words are spoken as you complete them.

###### Enable Key Echo

The first control on the key echo page is the "Enable key echo" check box. When this box is selected, seven additional check boxes become available. These are: "Enable alphanumeric and punctuation keys", "Enable modifier keys", "Enable locking keys", "Enable function keys", "Enable action keys", "Enable navigation keys", and "Enable non-spacing diacritical keys".

The alphanumeric and function key groups are relatively self explanatory.

Modifier keys are those such as Shift, Ctrl, and Alt.

Locking keys include Caps Lock, Scroll Lock and Num Lock.

The action keys group consists of keys that perform some logical action, such as Backspace, Return and Tab.

The navigation keys group include the four arrow keys as well as any key combination in which the Orca Modifier key is being held down. The latter is designed to prevent Orca from echoing flat review commands.

Non-spacing diacritical keys are those "dead keys" used to generate accented letters.

###### Enable Echo by Character

The next toggle on the key echo page is the "Enable echo by character" check box, used to echo the character you just typed. While echo by character seems quite similar to the key echo of alphanumeric and punctuation keys, there are important differences, especially with respect to accented letters and other symbols for which there is no dedicated key. Key echo causes Orca to announce what you just pressed; character echo causes it to announce what was inserted. The "Echo by character" control is always available, regardless of whether any of the key echo options are checked.

###### Enable Echo by Word

The next toggle on the key echo page is the "Enable echo by word" check box, used to echo the word you just typed. The "Echo by word" control is always available, regardless of whether any of the key echo options are checked.

###### Enable Echo by Sentence

The last toggle on the key echo page is the "Enable echo by sentence" check box, used to echo the sentence you just typed. The echo by sentence control is always available, regardless of whether any of the key echo options are checked.

In summary, the key echo scheme can offer a great deal of flexibility. For example, one user might choose to enable all key echo options, while another might prefer to use word echo, but only have locking keys announced.

##### Lupa-ren orrialdea

Orca GUI Configuration - Magnifier Page

The magnifier page allows you to enable/disable magnification and specify how magnification is performed.

###### Gaitu lupa

The first control on the magnifier page is the "Enable magnifier" check box. This check box toggles whether or not Orca will provide magnification. This option, along with the ability to enable speech and enable braille support, allow Orca to be tailored to meet the needs of a wide variety of users.

###### Zoomer Settings

Two zoomer GUI controls determine magnification characteristics:

- "Scale factor", which sets magnification power from 1.0x to 16.0x (fractional values are supported).

- "Position", which sets the location and size of the magnifier window: "Full Screen", "Left Half", "Right Half", "Top Half", "Bottom Half", and "Custom". The default position is "Full Screen". Choosing "Custom" causes four spin buttons to become available: "Top", "Left", "Right", and "Bottom". These spin buttons allow you to define the location of each edge of the zoom window. Units are in pixels.

###### Border Settings

These options are not available in "Full Screen" mode.

###### Enable border

This option determines if a window border is visible for the magnifier.

###### Border size

This value determines the size of the border in pixels.

###### Cursor Settings

These controls can be used to customize the size and color of the magnifier's cursor.

###### Gaitu kurtsorea

If this check box is enabled then a cursor is visible and the size and color options become available.

###### Custom size

Enable this check box if you would like to make the mouse pointer larger than it normally is. The cursor size can be changed from the default value of 32 pixels.

###### Custom color

If the cursor is enabled, a custom color can also be applied.

###### Cross-hair Settings

This set of controls can be used to customize the magnifier's optional area-targeting cursor.

###### Enable cross-hair

If checked, you can additionally configure the clipping behavior, size and color of the cross-hair.

###### Enable cross-hair clip

If enabled, the cross-hair will be "clipped" (removed) in the area immediately surrounding the mouse pointer.

###### Cross-hair size

This control sets the thickness of the cross-hair in pixels.

###### Cross-hair color

This control allows a custom color to be used for the cross-hair.

###### Color Settings

This allows you to do some rough color adjustments of the magnified region.

###### Invert colors

Creates a reverse or negative-image effect.

###### Brightness

Ranges from -1 to 1 (-1 is black/no brightness; 1 is white/total brightness; 0 is "normal"/unchanged).

###### Contrast

Ranges from -1 to 1 (-1 is grey/no contrast; 1 is maximum contrast; 0 is "normal"/unchanged).

###### Tracking and Alignment Settings

These options control the tracking of the mouse cursor.

###### Mouse pointer

Choose from the following options:

###### Centered

Keeps the mouse pointer at the center of the screen whenever possible. This is the default.

###### Proportional

Positions the mouse pointer in the zoom window relative to its actual, unmagnified position. For instance, if the mouse pointer is 25% away from the left edge of the desktop, Orca positions the magnified mouse pointer 25% from the left edge of the zoom window.

###### Push

Moves the zoomer window the least amount necessary to keep the mouse pointer on the screen.

###### None

Moving the mouse pointer has no impact on what the zoomer window displays.

###### Pointer follows zoomer

This option is enabled by default. If the mouse pointer is not on the screen when you initially move the mouse, it will be moved into the zoomer so that you can continue to see what you were working on. If your preferred mouse tracking mode is centered, the pointer will be moved to the center; otherwise it will be moved to the item with focus.

###### Control and menu item

These options control additional behavior of the magnifier.

###### Centered

When navigating via keyboard, keep the focused dialog box control or menu item at the center of the screen whenever possible.

###### Push

When navigating via keyboard, move the zoomer window the least amount necessary to display the focused dialog box control or menu item. This is the default.

###### None

Using the keyboard to navigate among dialog box controls and menu items will have no impact on what the zoomer window displays.

###### Pointer follows focus

If this option is enabled, the mouse pointer will follow you as you arrow through menu items and move among controls in dialog boxes. This option is disabled by default.

###### Text cursor

These options control how the text cursor behaves.

###### Centered

As the text cursor moves, keep it at the center of the screen whenever possible.

###### Push

As the text cursor moves, move the zoomer window the least amount necessary to display it. This is the default.

###### None

Moving the text cursor will have no impact on what the zoomer window displays.

###### Edge margin

The edge margin is how close the caret should be allowed to get to the edge of the screen before it's time to "push" the zoomer window. The margin can range from 0 to 50%, with 50% being the equivalent of choosing centering. The default value is 0.

This option is only available if "Push" is your text cursor tracking mode.

###### Advanced Settings

If you press the Advanced Settings button located near the bottom of the Magnifier page, the following dialog will appear:

Orca GUI Configuration - Magnifier - Advanced Settings

###### Leuntzea

Bilinear or none.

###### Brightness

Red, Green, Blue: Individual controls for choosing customized brightness levels. Choosing different brightness levels for each color allows you to create the color scheme that works best for you.

###### Contrast

Red, Green, Blue: Individual controls for choosing customized contrast levels. While not as significant as changes to brightness, choosing different contrast levels for each color helps you to create the color scheme that works best for you.

###### Color Filtering

Allows you to pick one of the colorblind filters available through libcolorblind.

In order to take advantage of this feature you will need to install libcolorblind and then rebuild gnome-mag.

###### Multi-Monitor Settings - Source Display

X Window System DISPLAY of what should be magnified. Written in the form ":0.x" where x is the number of the screen whose contents should be magnified.

###### Multi-Monitor Settings - Target Display

X Window System DISPLAY of where to put the zoomer window. Written in the form ":0.y" where y is the number of the screen where the zoomer window should appear.

##### Key Bindings Page

Orca GUI Configuration - Key Bindings Page

The key bindings page allows you to examine and modify the key bindings for Orca.

###### Orca Modifier Key(s)

The first control on the key bindings page allows you to examine which key (or keys) acts as the "Orca modifier." The Orca modifier is the key that you press and hold in conjunction with other keys to give commands to Orca. For desktop keyboards, the Orca modifier defaults to Insert. For laptop keyboards, the Orca modifier defaults to the Caps Lock key. See the Desktop Keyboard Layout () and Laptop Keyboard Layout () sections for the default values.

You cannot modify the Orca modifier key(s) using the Configuration GUI at this time.

###### Key Bindings Table

The key bindings table provides a list of Orca operations and the keys that are bound to them.

The "Function" column header is a description of the Orca operation to be performed.

The "Key Binding" header is the primary way to invoke the function from the keyboard. Note that the function description may include the word "Orca". This indicates that the Orca modifier key should be held down along with the other keys.

The "Alternate" header provides an alternate mechanism for invoking the function from the keyboard.

To modify either the "Key Binding" or the "Alternate" bindings, arrow to the cell and press Return. Then, press a key combination and press Return to confirm the new combination. When you do so, the new keystroke will be saved and the check box in the last column (the "Modified" column) will indicate that the key binding has been modified.

To undo a modified keybinding, merely arrow to the modified column, uncheck the checkbox, and press the "Apply" button Alt A.

Beneath the list of Orca keybindings, you will find a group of "unbound" commands:

Orca GUI Configuration - Key Bindings Page showing the 'unbound' group of commands

These are commands which we feel will be very useful for some users, but not needed by most users. Rather than "use up" a keystroke for such commands, we have left them unassigned. You can assign a keystroke to any of these unbound commands by following the procedure outlined above. In addition, you can unbind any bound command in a similar fashion: press Return to edit the keybinding, and when prompted for the new keybinding, press Delete or Backspace. You will be told that the key binding has been removed. Press Return to confirm.

##### Pronunciation Page

Orca GUI Configuration - Pronunciation Page

Sometimes your speech synthesizer just doesn't say the right thing for a given string. You might prefer to hear "laughing out loud" rather than "LOL." Or there may be a name or a technical term which the synthesizer mispronounces. The pronunciation page is where you can add, edit, and delete Orca's pronunciation dictionary entries. Because the pronunciation page is also part of the application-specific settings dialog that's started when you give a particular application focus and type Orca_Modifier Ctrl Space, you can customize your entries on an as-needed basis for each application you use.

###### Add a new dictionary entry

1. Press the New Entry button (Alt N).

2. Type the text of the new entry and press Return to finish editing the actual string.

3. Move to the Replacement String column and press Return to begin editing.

4. Type the text that you would like to have spoken instead and press Return to finish editing the replacement string.

###### Edit an existing dictionary entry

1. Move to the cell you wish to edit and press Return to begin editing.

2. Make your changes and then press Return to finish editing.

###### Delete an existing dictionary entry

1. Move to the entry you wish to delete.

2. Press the Delete button or Alt D.

##### Text Attributes Page

Orca GUI Configuration - Text Attributes Page

Orca will speak known text attribute information about an object when you press Insert F (desktop layout) or Caps_Lock F (laptop layout). Because the number of text attributes is large, and not everyone cares about every attribute, the "Text Attributes" tab of the configuration GUI allows you to customize which text attributes Orca will present.

On this tab is a text attribute list, where each row consists of four columns:

- The name of the text attribute.

- A checkbox which the user can set to indicate whether this text attribute should be spoken or not.

- A checkbox which the user can set to indicate whether this text attribute should be "underlined" on the braille display.

- An editable "Present unless" string value. By default, not all text attributes will have this set. If present, what it means (assuming the user wants this text attribute presented) is that the value of the attribute will only be presented if it is not this value.

  For example, by default the "underline" text attribute has a value of "none." If the user has this attribute checked and the user types Orca_Modifier F and the text in question is not underlined, then this attribute is not spoken. If you always want this attribute to be spoken irrespective of whether the text is underlined, then the attribute should be checked and the "Present unless" value cleared.

- There is also a Reset button (Alt R) which will set the list values back to their initial state when the dialog was first displayed.

When you initially display the text attribute pane, all your checked attributes are put at the top of the list. They are given in the order that they will be spoken and brailled.

If you decide to check others or adjust the order, there are four buttons to help you do this:

- Move to top (Alt T) - moves the selected attribute to the top of the list.

- Move up one (Alt U) - moves the selected attribute up one row.

- Move down one (Alt D) - moves the selected attribute down one row.

- Move to bottom (Alt B) - moves the selected attribute to the bottom of the list.

Beneath these push buttons is the Braille Indicator group of radio buttons. Here you can select the cell or cells to be used to indicate text which has at least one of the specified attributes. Your choices are:

- None (the default)

- Dot 7

- Dot 8

- Dots 7 and 8

Text attributes can also be set on an individual application basis. The text attribute pane is also part of the application-specific settings dialog that's started when you give a particular application focus and type Orca_Modifier Ctrl Space.

#### Orca Keyboard Commands

You can get a complete list of available keyboard commands by visiting the Key Bindings page of the Orca Configuration GUI (). To bring up the Orca Configuration GUI, press Orca_Modifier Space, where `Orca_Modifier` is the Insert key for the desktop layout and the Caps_Lock key for the laptop layout. Note that you can also enter Orca's "learn mode" while running Orca by pressing Orca_Modifier H. When in learn mode, Orca will intercept all keyboard and braille input events and tell you what the effect would be. To exit learn mode, press the Escape key.

Orca provides additional commands for some applications, such as Firefox. To get the list of additional commands for an application, press Ctrl Orca_Modifier Space when that application has focus. This will bring up the Orca Configuration GUI in the "application-specific" state, and the additional commands will appear in the Key Bindings page.

The GNOME Desktop itself also has built in keyboard commands to control the desktop and its applications.

WARNING: the MouseKeys functionality of AccessX can interfere with the Orca modifier key (see bug 548169), resulting in odd behavior. In particular, MouseKeys uses the KP_Insert key to emulate a mouse button press. When enabled, MouseKeys can conflict with KP_Insert as the Orca modifier, resulting in what appears to be a stuck Orca modifier key. As an alternative, you can use the laptop key bindings, which avoids the keypad for Orca commands. If you accidentally enabled MouseKeys, you can disable it via the gnome-keyboard-properties application.

##### Desktop Layout

Following is a list of common Orca keyboard commands for desktop keyboards arranged by category:

###### Flat review commands

- Numpad-7 - move the flat review cursor to the previous line and read it.

- Numpad-8 - read the current line.

- Numpad-9 - move the flat review cursor to the next line and read it.

- Numpad-4 - move the flat review cursor to the previous word and read it.

- Numpad-5 - read the current word.

- Numpad-6 - move the flat review cursor to the next word and read it.

- Numpad-1 - move the flat review cursor to the previous character and read it.

- Numpad-2 - read the current character.

- Numpad-3 - move the flat review cursor to the next character and read it.

- Numpad-slash - perform a left mouse click at the location of the flat review cursor.

- Numpad-star - perform a right mouse click at the location of the flat review cursor.

- Numpad-minus - toggle between flat review and focus tracking mode.

The above commands apply when working with objects as well as when working with text. For example, if the flat review cursor were positioned on a menu bar, pressing the "read current line" command would speak the names of all visible menus. Similarly, pressing the "read next word" command would speak the object to the right of the flat review cursor on the same line, or move flat review to the next line if no more objects were found.

###### Bookmark commands

- Alt Insert[1-6] - assign a bookmark to a numbered slot. If a bookmark already exists in the slot it will be replaced with the new one.

- Insert[1-6] - go to the position pointed to by the bookmark bound to this numbered slot.

- Alt Shift[1-6] - "Where am I" information for this bookmark relative to the current pointer location.

- Insert B and Insert Shift B - move between the given bookmarks for the given application or page.

- Alt Insert B - save the defined bookmarks for the current application or page.

###### Hainbat funtzio

- Numpad Plus - "say all" command; reads from the current position of the caret to the end of the document.

- Numpad Enter - "Where am I" command; speaks information such as the title of the current application window, as well as the name of the control that currently has focus.

- Insert H - enter into Orca's "learn mode"; press Escape to exit.

- Insert F - speak font and attribute information for the current character.

- Insert Space - Launch the Orca Configuration dialog.

- Insert Ctrl Space - reload user settings and reinitialize services as necessary. Also launches the Orca Configuration dialog for the current application.

- Insert S - toggle speech on and off.

- Insert F11 - toggle the reading of tables, either by single cell or whole row.

- Insert Q - quit Orca.

###### Commands for debugging

- Ctrl Alt Insert Home - report information on the currently active script.

In order for the next three commands to be of use, Orca needs to be started from a virtual console or via gnome-terminal. Output is sent to the console only (i.e., it is not sent to speech or braille).

- Ctrl Alt Insert End - print a debug listing of all known applications to the console where Orca is running.

- Ctrl Alt Insert Page_Up - print debug information about the ancestry of the object with focus.

- Ctrl Alt Insert Page_Down - print debug information about the hierarchy of the application with focus.

##### Laptop Layout

Following is a list of common Orca keyboard commands for laptop keyboards arranged by category:

###### Flat review commands

- Caps_Lock U - move the flat review cursor to the previous line and read it. Double-click to move flat review to the top of the current window.

- Caps_Lock I - read the current line. Double-click to read the current line along with formatting and capitalization details.

- Caps_Lock O - move the flat review cursor to the next line and read it. Double- click to move flat review to the bottom of the current window.

- Caps_Lock J - move the flat review cursor to the previous word and read it. Double-click to move flat review to the word above the current word.

- Caps_Lock K - read the current word. Double-click to spell the word. Triple-click to hear the word spelled phonetically.

- Caps_Lock L - move the flat review cursor to the next word and read it. Double- click to move flat review to the word below the current word.

- Caps_Lock M - move the flat review cursor to the previous character and read it. Double-click to move flat review to the end of the current line.

- Caps_Lock Comma - read the current character. Double-click to pronounce the character phonetically if it is a letter.

- Caps_Lock Period - move the flat review cursor to the next character and read it.

- Caps_Lock 7 - perform a left mouse click at the location of the flat review cursor.

- Caps_Lock 8 - perform a right mouse click at the location of the flat review cursor.

- Caps_Lock p - toggle between flat review and focus tracking mode.

The above commands apply when working with objects as well as when working with text. For example, if the flat review cursor were positioned on a menu bar, pressing the "read current line" command would speak the names of all visible menus. Similarly, pressing the "read next word" command would speak the object to the right of the flat review cursor on the same line, or move flat review to the next line if no more objects were found.

###### Bookmark commands

- Alt Caps_Lock[1-6] - add a bookmark to the numbered slot. If a bookmark already exists for the slot it will be replaced with the new one.

- Caps_Lock[1-6] - go to the position pointed to by the bookmark bound to this numbered slot.

- Alt Shift[1-6] - "Where am I" information for this bookmark relative to the current pointer location.

- Caps_Lock Band Caps_Lock Shift B - move between the given bookmarks for the given application or page.

- Alt Caps_Lock B - save the defined bookmarks for the current application or page.

###### Hainbat funtzio

- Caps_Lock Semicolon - "Say all" command; reads from the current position of the caret to the end of the document.

- Caps_Lock Enter - "Where am I" command; speaks information such as the title of the current application window, as well as the name of the control that currently has focus.

- Caps_Lock H - enter learn mode (press Escape to exit).

- Caps_Lock F - speak font and attribute information for the current character.

- Caps_Lock Space - launch the Orca Configuration dialog.

- Caps_Lock Ctrl Space - reload user settings and reinitialize services as necessary; also launches the Orca Configuration dialog for the current application.

- Caps_Lock S - toggle speech on and off.

- Caps_Lock F11 - toggle the reading of tables, either by single cell or whole row.

- Caps_Lock Q - quit Orca.

###### Commands for debugging

- Caps_Lock Alt Ctrl Home - report information on the currently active script.

In order for the next three commands to be of use, Orca needs to be started from a virtual console or via gnome-terminal. Output is sent to the console only (i.e., it is not sent to speech or braille).

- Caps_Lock Alt Ctrl End - prints a debug listing of all known applications to the console where Orca is running.

- Caps_Lock Alt Ctrl Page_Up - prints debug information about the ancestry of the object with focus.

- Caps_Lock Alt Ctrl Page_Down - prints debug information about the object hierarchy of the application with focus.

#### Application-Specific Information

##### Aplikazio erabilerrazak

Orca is designed to work with applications and toolkits that support the Assistive Technology Service Provider Interface (AT-SPI). This includes the GNOME Desktop and its bundled applications: OpenOffice, Firefox, and the Java platform. Some applications work better than others, however, and the Orca community continually works to provide superior access to more and more applications.

##### Making Application-Specific Settings

To customize the settings for a particular application, you will first need to run that application. Make sure the application has focus, then press Orca_Modifier Ctrl Space (by default, this will be Insert Ctrl Space for the Desktop keyboard layout).

This brings up a tabbed dialog window very similar to the Orca configuration dialog, but with the following differences:

1. There is no initial General pane.

2. The Speech System and Speech Synthesizer combo boxes on the Speech pane will be grayed out (made inactive).

3. Any existing application-specific key bindings will appear at the top of the list on the Key Bindings pane.

4. There may be a new application-specific settings pane at the end of the set of tabbed panes. Note that pressing the End key from the tab list will get you directly to the right-most tab.

Adjust your application-specific settings in the same way you set your general Orca preferences. For example, you may have Key Echo disabled generally in Orca but would like to specifically have it enabled for the gcalctool (GNOME Calculator) application. Here's where you could easily set that.

When you have your application settings customized the way you want, press the OK button. These settings will be written to your `~/.orca/app-settings` directory in a file called `<APPNAME>.py`, where `<APPNAME>` is the name of the application.

These files are automatically written by Orca. The contents of the file will be overwritten each time you change your application settings for that application.

If you want to have some extra application-specific settings or code that you don't want to lose, then you should put it in a file called `~/.orca/app-settings/<APPNAME>-customizations.py`. This file will be automatically read when the settings for the `<APPNAME>` application are loaded.

Note that this is an advanced feature that we don't expect many people to use. It's just there if you really want it.

There is currently one known bug (some people would call it a feature) that we are trying to track down and fix:

If you adjust one or more application-specific key bindings, the new values will not take effect until you've pressed the OK button. The work-around is to either restart Orca, or Alt-Tab away to some other application and then Alt-Tab back to the one that you've just changed the key bindings for.

#### Braille

Orca uses BrlTTY for braille support. On Linux systems, BrlTTY is used to access the text mode console content. On a typical braille-enabled installation of Linux, BrlTTY is already running and providing access to the text consoles. When Orca starts, it connects to BrlTTY. If you switch from a text console to your X Windows session, your braille display will automatically follow and display the content that Orca is presenting to you.

Orca attempts to work with various releases of BrlTTY. Orca currently works best with BrlTTY v3.8 or better and also works well with BrlTTY v3.7.2. The remainder of this document provides information related to using Orca with BrlTTY 3.8.

Below are descriptions of the necessary tasks to install/setup BrlTTY in Ubuntu and Solaris. For both, you need to first obtain brltty-3.8.tar.gz from the BrlTTY site.

##### BrlTTY 3.8 on Ubuntu

First, configure your build environment to build BrlTTY. Much of this setup is done for you automatically in the Ubuntu distribution with products such as G++ already present. In addition, you must also install tcl, Pyrex, and the Python developer environment. To do this, execute the following commands as `root`:

    apt-get build-dep brltty
    apt-get install tcl8.4 python-pyrex python-dev

Then, when you build BrlTTY, avoid configuring the package with --prefix=/usr. Use the standard procedure instead, executing the following commands as `root`:

    gunzip -c brltty-3.8.tar.gz | tar xvf -
    cd brltty-3.8
    ./autogen
    ./configure
    make
    make install

Run BrlTTY as `root`:

    /bin/brltty -bauto -d/dev/ttyUSB0

If you want, you can remove the existing `/sbin/brltty` and replace it with the `/bin/brltty`, either by copying the `/bin/brltty` to `/sbin/brltty` or just by making a symbolic link. Do so at your own risk.

#### Arazoak konpontzea

##### My desktop has stopped responding. What do I do?

Press Alt F2 or Meta R to open the Run dialog and restart Orca by running a new instance: type `orca` and press Enter. This will force any existing Orca processes to exit and will then restart Orca. This sometimes has the effect of unhanging the desktop (which is usually due to an ill-behaved application).

If you cannot get to a terminal window, try pressing Ctrl Alt Backspace : shut down the X Window System server. This should return you to the login screen.

## Mobility Impairments

Mobility impairments can be caused by arthritis, stroke, cerebral palsy, Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis, and loss of limbs or digits, among others. Poor muscle control or weakness can make using standard keyboards and mouse devices difficult. For instance, some people are unable to type two keys simultaneously, while others tend to hit multiple keys or to bounce keys when pressing or releasing them. People who are able to use only one hand likewise have difficulties with some keyboard and mouse tasks.

The technologies which can assist those with mobility impairments are:

- On-Screen Keyboard - lets users select keys using a pointing method such as pointing devices, switches, or Morse-code input systems.

- Mouse and Keyboard Enhancements - helpful for users who have trouble typing and controlling a mouse or a keyboard.

### GNOME On-Screen Keyboard (gok)

Pantailako teklatua aplikazioak teklatu birtualak bistaratzen ditu mahaigainean. Saguaren erakusle estandarra nahiz seinalatzeko beste gailu bat erabil ditzakezu, teklatu birtualak ateratzeko. Pantailako teklatuak ondoko teklatu motak bistaratzen ditu:

- Composer Keyboards enable you to compose text. To type alphanumeric characters, you select the characters on the composer keyboard.

- Dynamic Keyboards reflect the applications that are currently running on the desktop. For example, On-Screen Keyboard generates dynamic keyboards that contain keys to represent the applications that are running on your desktop or the menus that are contained in an application.

Lehenbizi laguntza-teknologien zerbitzuak gaitu behar dituzu erabilgarri dauden erabilerraztasunen tresnak erabili ahal izateko.

1. Aukeratu Sistema Hobespenak Laguntza-teknologiak.

2. Select Enable assistive technologies and then press Close and Log Out.

3. Hasi saioa berriro. Laguntza-teknologien zerbitzuak automatikoki abiaraziko dira.

### Aplikazio-leihoak maximizatzea Pantailako teklatuaren erabiltzaileentzat

If you are an On-Screen Keyboard user, you cannot use any application in Full-Screen mode because the application window obscures the On-Screen Keyboard display.

Leihoaren tamaina aldatzeko Pantailako teklatuarekin erabiltzeko, jarraitu ondoko urratsak:

1. Do not enable the Full-Screen mode in the application.

2. Eman fokua aplikazio-leihoari.

3. Sakatu F10 aplikazioa maximizatzeko.

### Mouse and Keyboard Enhancements

Atal honetan, sagua eta teklatua nola konfiguratu azaltzen da, gailu horiek erabiltzaile gehiagok erabili ahal izateko.

#### Sagua konfiguratzea

Use the Mouse preference tool to configure the mouse to suit your needs. To open the Mouse preference tool, choose System Preferences Mouse . The Mouse Preferences dialog is displayed.

##### Configuring Mouse Behavior

Ondorengo ataletan saguaren portaera nola aldatu azaltzen da, zure beharretara egokitzeko.

###### Configuring the Mouse for Left-Handed Use

Sagua ezkertientzat konfiguratzeko, egin klik Saguaren hobespenak elkarrizketa-koadroko Botoiak fitxan, eta hautatu Ezkertientzako sagua aukera. Hori egindakoan, saguaren ezkerreko botoiaren funtzioak eskuineko botoira pasatzen ditu sistemak berehala.

###### Configuring Double-Click Behavior

Bi aldiz klik egiteko zailtasunak badituzu, lehen klikaren eta bigarren klikaren artean sistemak igarotzen uzten duen denbora handi dezakezu. Adibidez, bi kliken arteko denbora 0,4 segundotan jarrita baldin badago, bigarren klika 0,4 segundoren barruan egin behar duzula adierazten du. Bigarren aldiz klik egiteko 0,4 segundo baino gehiago behar baldin badituzu, bi klik horiek bi klik bakartzat hartzen ditu sistemak, eta ez klik bikoitz gisa.

Klik bikoitzaren denbora tartea ezartzeko, jarraitu urrats hauek:

1. Egin klik Saguaren hobespenak elkarrizketa-koadroko Botoiak fitxan.

2. Erabili Atzerapena graduatzailea, klik bikoitzaren bi klik horiek egiteko sistemak uzten duen denbora segundotan zehazteko. Graduatzailea eskuinerantz mugituz gero, atzerapenaren tartea 0,1 segundoz luzatuko du. Ezkerrerantz mugituz gero, berriz, 0,1 segundoz laburtuko du.

3. Egin klik bikoitza graduatzailearen eskuinaldean dagoen bonbillan, ezarpena probatzeko. Klik bikoitzaren bi klikak zehaztutako denboraren barruan egiten badituzu, bonbilla piztu egingo da, eta dirdira horia agertuko da bere inguruan. Klik bikoitza zehaztatutako denboran egiten ez baduzu, bonbilla ez da erabat piztuko. Handitu denbora-muga, eta saiatu berriro. Bonbilla pizten bada, zehaztutako ezarpena zuretzat egokia izango da.

###### Changing Mouse Pointer Size

Mahaigainean bistaratzen den saguaren erakuslearen tamaina aldatzeko, jarraitu ondoko prozedura:

1. Egin klik Saguaren hobespenak elkarrizketa-koadroko Erakusleak fitxan.

2. Erabilgarri dauden erakusle-gaien eta -tamainen zerrenda bistaratuko da.

3. Lehenespenez, GNOMEk ez du sagu-erakuslearen gairik. Erakusle-gaiak instalatzeari eta erabiltzeari buruzko informazioa lortzeko, ikus Erabiltzailearen gida.

Plataforma batzuetan, saioa amaitu eta berriro hasi behar duzu, ezarpen honek eragina izan dezan.

###### Locating the Mouse Pointer

Saguaren erakuslea pantailan lokalizatzeko zailtasunak badituzu, aukera baten bidez erakuslea nabarmen dezakezu, Kontrol tekla sakatzean. Aukera hori gaitzeko, egin klik Saguaren hobespenak elkarrizketa-koadroko Kurtsoreak fitxan, eta hautatu Nabarmendu erakuslea Ktrl sakatzean aukera. Kontrol sakatzean, sistemak animazioa bistaratzen du erakuslearen inguruan, nabarmentzeko.

Plataforma batzuetan, saioa amaitu eta berriro hasi behar duzu, ezarpen honek eragina izan dezan.

###### Configuring Mouse Speed and Sensitivity

Saguaren abiadura eta sentikortasuna konfiguratzeko, jarraitu urrats hauek:

1. Egin klik Saguaren hobespenak elkarrizketa-koadroko Mugimendua fitxan.

2. Konfiguratu aukera hauek:

   Azelerazioa

     Use the slider to specify the speed at which the mouse pointer moves around the screen when you move the mouse.

     Ezarpen baxua hautatzen baduzu, saguaren erakuslea sagua mugitzen duzun antzeko abiaduran mugituko da. Horrek esan nahi du sagua gehiago mugitu behar duzula pantailaren eremua estal dezan. Ezarpen altua hautatzen baduzu, saguaren erakuslea sagua mugitzen duzun baino abiadura handiagoan mugituko da. Horrek esan nahi du sagua gutxiago mugitu behar duzula pantailaren eremua estal dezan.

   Sentikortasuna

     Use the slider to specify how responsive the mouse pointer is to movements of the mouse. Moving the slider to the right will increase the sensitivity and moving it to the left will decrease the sensitivity.

   Muga

     Erabili graduatzailea elementu bat zenbat mugitu behar duzun zehazteko sistemak arrastatu eta jaregin ekintza gisa interpreta dezan.

##### Configuring the Cursor

Atal honetan, saguaren bistaratze-ezaugarriak nola aldatu azaltzen da.

###### Stopping the Cursor from Blinking

To stop the cursor from blinking in text boxes and other areas, perform the following steps:

1. Hautatu Sistema Hobespenak Teklatua, Teklatua hobespen-tresna abiarazteko.

2. Teklatua fitxan, desautatu Kurtsoreak keinu egiten du testu-koadro eta -eremuetan aukera.

##### Keyboard Mouse Emulation

Sagua erabiltzeko zailtasunak badituzu, teklatua erabil dezakezu saguaren funtzioak emulatzeko. Informazio gehiago lortzeko, ikus: .

#### Configuring an Accessible Keyboard

Use the Keyboard preference tool to configure the keyboard accessibility options. To open the Keyboard preference tool, choose System Preferences Keyboard. Accessibility options can be enabled by selecting the Accessibility tab.

The Accessibility tabbed section allows the following options:

"Allow to turn accessibility features on and off from the keyboard" (Alt-A) - this determines if keyboard accessibility functions can be turned on or off with a key command.

Simulate simultaneous keypresses (Alt-S) - allows multiple shift (or other) keys to be entered individually but processed as a single combination keystroke. This keyboard accessibility technique is known as "sticky keys."

Disable sticky keys if two keys are pressed together (Alt-B) - automatically exit the sticky keys mode if any key combination is entered normally (eq, at the same time instead of entered individually).

Only accept long keypresses (Alt-O) - in this mode, keys must be pressed for a given length of time before they are accepted as input. This accessibility technique is also known as "slow keys." This portion of the Accessibility tabbed section also supplies a Delay slider (Alt-D) to indicate the press-down delay before the key is accepted as input.

Ignore fast duplicate keypresses (Alt-I) - in this mode, successive entry of the same key will only have a single instance of that key accepted as input. This accessibility technique is also known as "bounce keys." This portion of the Accessibility tabbed section also supplies a Delay slider (Alt-E) to indicate the press-down delay before successive keys are ignored.

#### Configuring a Keyboard-Based Mouse

Use the Keyboard preference tool to configure the keyboard to simulate a mouse. To open the Keyboard preference tool, choose System Preferences Keyboard. The Mouse Keys options can be enabled by selecting the Mouse Keys tab.

"Allow to control the pointer using the keyboard" (Alt-A) - this determines if the keyboard can be used to control the mouse pointer.

Acceleration (Alt-C) - determines how quickly mouse motion will accelerate when keyboard directional keys are pressed.

Speed (Alt-S) - determines how quickly the mouse pointer will move when keyboard directional keys are pressed.

Delay (Alt-D) - determines how much (or if) keypresses may be dampened or ignored when keyboard directional keys are pressed.

#### MouseTweaks

MouseTweaks is a collection of accessibility enhancements for pointing devices. The `mousetweaks` package provides the functions offered by the Accessibility tab of the Mouse preference tool. It also contains two panel applets related to the mouse accessibility. More particularly:

- It allows users to perform a secondary click by doing a click-and-hold of the primary mouse button.

- It offers a way to perform the various clicks without using any hardware button. In this context, the Dwell Click panel applet can be used to choose what click type to perform.

- It provides the Pointer Capture panel applet. This applet creates an area on the panel into which the pointer can be captured until the user releases it with a predefined button and modifier combination.

Most mouse-related accessibility options can be found by using System Preferences Mouse and selecting the Accessibility tab. Two additional panel applets can optionally be added to the GNOME menu bar / system panel as well; see the sections below. The full manual can be viewed by selecting the Help item from the contextual menu of the Dwell Click applet.

##### Simulated Secondary Click

A secondary or right-click can be issued by using the primary button and keeping it held down for a specified delay.

##### Dwell Click

A click can be issued by having the mouse pointer dwell in a given spot for a specified delay. In this mode, the click-type is determined by the ClickType window, Dwell Click applet, or by the direction in which the user moves the mouse after the dwell time has elapsed. The click-type can be single, double, drag or right.

The Dwell Click panel applet can be installed by right-clicking the GNOME Desktop menu bar / system panel, selecting Add to Panel, choosing Dwell Click and clicking the Add button.

##### Pointer Capture

The mouse pointer can be locked into an area of the screen so the pointing device is free for other tasks. For example, this capability allows a powerchair user to control both the powerchair and the mouse pointer with a single powerchair joystick.

The Pointer Capture panel applet creates such an area on the panel, into which the user can lock the pointer until released in a determined way.

The Pointer Capture panel applet can be installed by right-clicking the GNOME Desktop menu bar / system panel, selecting Add to Panel, choosing Pointer Capture and clicking the Add button.

Preferences may be set by choosing Preferences in the context menu of the Pointer Capture applet:

In the Capture Pointer section, the user can specify under what circumstances the pointer gets captured when it moves into the capture area. For example, if the Ctrl modifier key is checked, the pointer gets captured when it is over the capture area and the user presses the Ctrl modifier key. If no modifier is checked and the mouse button is set to 0, the pointer only has to move into the capture area to get locked. It is also possible to specify a combination of modifiers and mouse button.

In the Release Pointer section, the user can specify what modifier or mouse button releases the pointer. It is also possible to specify a combination of modifiers and mouse button.

In the Size of Capture Area section, the user can specify the width of the capture area on the GNOME panel.

#### Dasher

Dasher is an information-efficient text-entry interface, driven by natural continuous pointing gestures. Dasher is a competitive text-entry system wherever a full-size keyboard cannot be used - for example on a palmtop or wearable computer, or when operating any computer one-handed (by joystick, touchscreen or mouse) or zero-handed (eg, by head-mouse or eye-tracker).

1. Choose Applications Accessories Terminal.

2. Enter: `sudo apt-get install dasher`

3. Enter: `dasher`

Dasher may also be installed from the Applications Add/Remove dialog. In either case, it may later be launched in these ways:

- Press Alt F2 or Meta R for the Run dialog, type `dasher` and press Enter.

- Choose Applications Accessories Terminal and execute `dasher`.

- Press Alt-F1 and select Applications Universal Access Dasher.